Mexico's balance of payments 1970–1983: Contributions of international tourism and border transactions

The Mexican government instigated a series of programmes to redress its rapidly deteriorating balance of payments in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Devaluations of the peso were aimed at improving foreign exchange earnings from international tourism and border transactions, particularly with the USA. Although the net foreign exchange earned by these two sectors increased in 1982 and 1983, neither sector improved its net balance of real income and expenditure between 1975 and 1982. The impact of the devaluations, combined with depressed economic conditions in North America and Western Europe, affected both the inflow and outflow of international travellers and their level of expenditure, and limited real contribution to Mexico's balance of payments problems.     

Yugoslavia: tourism in a socialist federal state

This article presents an overall assessment of Yugoslavia's tourist industry and its evolution since the mid-1960s, including its impact on the Adriatic coast. The developing economic significance of the tourist trade for Yugoslavia is reviewed with particular reference to foreign exchange earnings. Data are presented to illustrate the origin, expenditure and accommodation of foreign tourists; and they highlight contemporary problems associated with the emergence of a largescale tourist infrastructure. Yugoslavia's tourist industry had matured by the mid-1980s—not without causing some problems of environmental deterioration. At the same time the population of the Dalmatian coast islands has declined despite the development of tourist facilities.     

The contribution of tourism to the economy of Ireland in 1990 and 1995

The paper describes how input-output modelling methods have been used, to estimate economic impacts of tourism expenditure in Ireland and passenger fares during 1990 and 1995, measured as GNP, employment, government revenue and Balance of Payments credit. Full details of calculating 1990 impacts are shown in an appendix to the main text. Corresponding 1995 impacts are presented without background details. These tourism impacts, as shares of national aggregates, are in the range 7–11%, which is worthwhile. Per IR£ million receipts, international tourism shows a higher GNP impact than aggregate exports of goods and services.     

GIS Applications in Tourism Marketing: Current Uses,an Experimental Application and Future Prospects

Abstract

The paper begins with a brief introduction to the technology of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and a review of current literature in the field of tourism based GIS (T-GIS). This is followed by a discussion of the theoretical possibilities of using T-GIS for traditional marketing purposes and a review of the related literature. The use of T-GIS for marketing is then considered both from the demand and supply sides. The second half of the paper provides a detailed account of the use of the Internet to incorporate GIS-based models and graphics as a marketing tool for the Alberta Ski Resort industry. Further developments and prospects using this technology are also described.     

Tourism's external account and the balance of payments

This paper argues that the balance of payments on tourism account is not the best measure of economic tourism activity needed for good policy formulation at the government level. The balance on tourism should be replaced with a broader concept, tourism's external account, which includes expenditures and receipts from tourists together with those other international transactions which follow indirectly from tourism. This concept will provide a broader understanding of the tourism industry so that better policy decisions can be made.     

非正式部门(informal sector):旅游研究中不可忽视的领域

"非正式部门"是一个地区旅游经济的重要组成部分,已经成为国外旅游研究的热点之一,在我国尚没有引起学者们的广泛关注.本文首先介绍了国外在非正式部门概念方面的研究,描述了非正式部门概念的演化过程,总结了国外学者关于非正式部门特征的研究成果,建立了旅游非正式部门的研究框架.最后指出笔者对非正式部门的认识,以期引起学者们对这一领域的关注.     

Fragmented politics of US tourism

Tourism politics in the USA can only be understood by examining it in the context of federalism. Each governmental level has its own tourism dynamics, interests, and problems. By examining the evolution and structure of tourism in the USA, one can understand why city and state governments are increasingly involved and why the national government fails to accord more scarce resources to national tourism efforts. Through the use of questionnaires and interview data, it becomes clear, however, that in the process of continuing tourism politics as usual, the national and even local public interest may be sadly neglected.     

Trouble in the travel account

For several years a small but growing group of economists has been interested in the balance-of-payments aspects of international tourism and the travel account. This paper examines the reliability and consistency of international travel data provided by government agencies. Travel data are usually constructed from survey questionnaires, bank transfers, and records of travel agents. Often the quality of the data is low. In fact, it is likely that some countries are not able to tell whether they have a surplus or deficit on travel accounts. An examination of the inconsistencies in travel data reported by different countries will aid researchers in the numerous international travel demand studies.     

大型主题公园发展与城市居民就业——对华侨城主题公园就业分配的考察

传统城市旅游就业研究侧重总体效应评估,忽略了具体的就业分配,也缺乏对就业者生活境况的实际考察,这正是旅游就业研究的\"断层\"。文章通过对华侨城主题公园这一典型城市大型旅游项目的探索性案例研究,围绕城市大型旅游项目开发能否为本地居民创造就业,改善就业者生活境况展开讨论。文章首先指出,中国城市大型主题公园与欧美主题公园在就业分配及就业者生活境况方面存在较大差异,欧美国家的研究结论并不能直接借鉴到中国。案例研究的结果表明:第一,主题公园这类城市大型旅游项目所创造的就业具有结构性(包括正规部门就业和非正规部门就业),不可等同视之;第二,这类具有结构性就业的分配呈现明显的\"外向型\"特征,主要面向外来务工者。在没有其他干预的情况下,这类旅游项目开发所带来的就业将主要面向外来务工者;第三,就业者的实际生活质量并不乐观,旅游就业在改善就业者生活质量的积极效果不宜夸大。该研究为反思传统城市旅游就业评估提供了新思路和新证据。     

Service Quality in Tourism Research

Abstract

This paper reviews the recent development of service quality research. It relates the key issues and approaches to the tourism and hospitality sectors. It identifies the need for further research into the meaning and management of service quality in tourism and hospitality.     

旅游的本质及其认识方法——从学科自觉的角度看

本文从旅游知识共同体(学科)构建的角度出发,针对目前流行的旅游定义所存在的过于宽泛的问题,阐述了笔者的观点:旅游是人们利用余暇在异地获得的一次休闲体验。这一定义涉及对旅游本质的认识,同时也决定着旅游知识共同体的核心、内涵和边界。笔者认为,区别旅游与其他类型的旅行,有利于旅游以及相关学科的建设,能避免当前旅游以及相关专业高等教育所面临的困境。     

关于旅游学科基本概念的共识性问题

文章梳理并分析了国内外旅游学术界长期以来对旅游定义、旅游本质、旅游与休闲的关系、旅游与旅行的关系等基本问题的分歧性意见,在辨析各种观点合理性与非合理性的基础上,概括出旅游学术界在5个方面的基本共识,即旅游是指人的活动;概念性定义才能确立旅游本质;旅游本质应由“余暇＋异地＋体验”三者共同决定;休闲和旅行的范畴大于旅游;狭义旅游定义不会贬损旅游产业和学科地位。文章呼吁旅游学术界以“求大同存小异”的态度尽早形成科学共同体。     

“红与黑”:论精神旅游产品的开发向度

红色旅游作为我国精神旅游的主导产品,其主题大多为爱国主义和革命传统教育,存在着主题概念僵化、客源以公费旅游群体为主等问题;而黑色旅游主题则以爱与和平为主,呈现负面事件“正面宣传化”、多元化深度开发不足等问题.鉴于此,文章提出创新我国精神旅游主题的思路,即从阐释美、正义、人性、自由和理性等多维视角重构旅游产品,更好地发挥其对国民的伦理教化作用.