苯酚的国内外生产现状及市场前景

目前，全球苯酚的总生产能力约为9260kt／a，2004年总消费量约为7745kt／a。预计到2009年总生产能力将达到11350kt／a，总消费量将达到9452kt／a。2005年我国苯酚的总生产能力约为580kt／a，2004年产量为410kt／a，消费量约为689．6kt／a，产不足需，每年都得大量进口。预计到2010年我国苯酚的总生产能力将达到约1000kt／a，消费量将达到约855kt／a。针对目前我国苯酚生产存在的问题，提出了今后的发展建议。     

An Attitudinal Revolution in Irish Industrial Relations: The End of ‘Them and Us’?

Intensified international competition and high unemployment have characterized many Western economies since 1980. A firm's survival in such an environment demands a flexible and co-operative work-force, a requirement incompatible with traditional adversarial industrial relations. Drawing on a survey of employees in nine unionized companies in the Irish manufacturing sector, this paper examines the effect of these changes in the economy and workplace in facilitating a significant reduction in 'them and us' attitudes and an associated weakening of union structure and influence in the workplace. We found no evidence of a reduction in 'them and us' attitudes, but a cohesive and influential union was associated with less intense 'them and us'.     

丁苯橡胶的国内外供需现状及发展前景

2005年全球丁苯橡胶的总生产能力为4737kt／a，总消费量为4011kt／a。预计到2010年总消费量将达到4823kt／a。目前，我国丁苯橡胶的总生产能力为597kt／a，2005年产量为514．2kt／a，消费量为653．2kt／a，产不足需，每年都需大量进口。预计2007年我国丁苯橡胶消费量将达到720kt，2010年消费量将达到850kt。针对目前我国丁苯橡胶生产状况及存在的问题，提出了今后的发展建议。     

Testing for Discrimination against Lesbians of Different Marital Status: A Field Experiment

In this paper, I conduct a correspondence testing experiment to examine sexual orientation discrimination against lesbians in Germany. I sent applications from four fictional female characters in response to job advertisements in Munich and Berlin: a heterosexual single, a married heterosexual, a single lesbian, and a lesbian who is in a “same‐sex registered partnership.” While single lesbians and lesbians in a registered partnership are equally discriminated in comparison to the heterosexual women in the city of Munich, I found no discrimination based on sexual orientation in Berlin. Furthermore, for a subset of the data we can compare the effects of a randomized versus a paired testing approach, which suggests that under certain conditions, due to increased conspicuity, the paired testing approach may lead to biased results.     

苯乙烯生产现状及市场分析

2004年，全球苯乙烯的总生产能力约为25880kt／a，总消费量约为23506kt／a。预计2006年总消费量将达到约25368kt／a。2004年我国苯乙烯的总生产能力为1190kt／a，产量为985．7kt／a，消费量约为3866．1kt／a，产不足需，每年都得大量进口。预计2005年和2010年我国苯乙烯的消费量将分别达到4380kt／a和5600kt／a。苯乙烯在我国发展前景广阔，今后我国应积极采用先进技术扩大装置的生产规模，以从根本上缓解我国苯乙烯的供需矛盾。     

国内外丁基橡胶生产现状和市场前景

目前，全球丁基橡胶的总生产能力约为892kt／a，2003年总消费量约为747kt／a。预计到2006年总消费量将超过800kt／a。目前我国丁基橡胶的总生产能力为30kt／a，2003年产量为27kt／a，消费量约为100kt／a，产不足需，每年都得大量进口。预计到2005年丁基橡胶的消费量将达到140kt／a，2010年消费量将达到210kt／a。针对目前我国丁基橡胶生产状况及存在的问题，提出了生产发展的建议。     

Inter‐Firm Training Co‐ordination in Britain

This paper examines employer co‐operation in the provision of training. Such collective action has a long history in Britain, but has varied over time in extent and strength. It exists in a strong form in the German‐speaking countries, where employers’ organizations and chambers of commerce are a fundamental part of the training system. On the basis of new data, we argue that this form of training is important in the UK and has a positive effect on the quantity and quality of training. Case studies are presented on several examples of collective action — a local chamber of commerce, an industry‐wide employers’ organization, a group training association, a network of firms in a large company’s supply chain and a local consortium of big employers. Although such forms of organization have much to commend them, in the UK coverage is uneven and stability is fragile.     

Leveraging internal resources and external business networks for new product success: A dynamic capabilities perspective

Internal resources such as technological and human capital, together with a firm's business network, are vital sources of knowledge for new product development. Previous studies largely assume that a firm's internal resources and its external resources embedded in a business network are complementary in new product development. This study draws on the dynamic capabilities perspective to take the existing literature one step further. Our hypotheses were tested using a sample of 130 Chinese manufacturing firms in high-technology industries. Interestingly, the findings reveal a more complex picture of resource interplay between internal resources and external resources embedded in a firm's business network. More specifically, the findings show that a firm's power in its business network influences the effect of its internal resources on its ability to sense and seize opportunities, a vital dynamic capability. More importantly, the findings suggest that such dynamic capability plays a pivotal role in translating the benefits of resource-interplay into new product success.     

The relationship between technology and science: Some historical and philosophical reflections. Part II

Dr Paul Gardner was appointed to the Faculty of Education at Monash University in 1967 and is currently a Reader in Education. After graduating from the University of Melbourne with a science degree and teacher qualifications in 1960, he taught physics and chemistry in high schools for six years. He obtained the M. Ed. degree from the University of Melbourne in 1970 for a thesis which involved experimental studies of concept attainment, and in 1972 completed a Ph.D. at Monash for an investigation of student and teacher characteristics which influence students' attitudes to physics. His major field of interest is science education, and he has published extensively on the assessment of cognitive and affective outcomes, the role of language in learning science and (his current major interest) the links between science and technology. He was a founding member of the university's Centre for Science, Mathematics and Technology Education in 1989. He is currently the Editor ofResearch in Science Education, the annual journal of the Australasian Science Education Research Association, of which he was a founding member in 1970. Early in 1993, he presented a paper on science-technology relationships at a UNESCO-sponsored conference in Jerusalem; a revised version of this paper is being published inStudies in Science Education in 1994. He teaches post-graduate courses on statistical analysis, attitude measurement, curriculum issues and science and technology education.     

Generating agricultural technology: Triticale for the Himalayan Hills

This article is concerned with the process of generating agricultural technologies in public sector research and development (R & D) institutions. The case study examines a research programme to develop triticale as a food crop for the people of the Himalayan hills. It explains how significant changes occurred in the priorities and organization of a triticale improvement programme in India as a result of the timely analysis of information from on-farm trials and surveys, a review of past triticale data and a field workshop in the Himalayas.     

R&D Project Selection Strategy: an empirical study in Spain

The author has investigated the role played by project selection methods in defining a firm's technology strategy, as exemplified by a sample of innovative companies in Spain. The information was collected by a combination of questionnaire and interview with key personnel.
The author was able to classify strategies into four groups: (1) a planning strategy, essentially a negotiation comprising top-down and bottom-up elements; (2) an economic strategy in which a large number of economic criteria set in advance by top management are used to evaluate projects; (3) a market strategy in which R&D is seen more or less as an adjunct to the Marketing function, which defines the products needed and negotiates the programme with top management; (4) a technical strategy, used in circumstances in which technological innovation is essential and in which, therefore, economic factors take a subsidiary place.
The author's data show that in companies operating a planning strategy project selection methods of various, perhaps ad hoc kinds play a key role in reaching a company consensus. For those using an economic strategy the selection criteria are predetermined and selection methods inflexible. In the case of the market strategy, evaluation methods are used solely to help to rank projects prior to selection. Firms employing the technical strategy clearly base their decisions purely on the technical merit of the various projects put up for implementation.
The paper includes information on the types of selection method used, broken down by company size and other similar criteria, and comparisons with practice in the USA, France and some other countries.     

Commercial Real Estate Leasing, Asymmetric Information, and Monopolistic Competition

We model the choice of lease type, gross lease versus net lease, in an environment in which lessees have private information with respect to their expected intensity of utilization of the leased space, and in which lessors have market power with respect to the pricing of the lease. Unless the lessor can provide operating services at lower cost than the lessee, there exists a lemons problem. We examine a market in which lessors can provide operating services at lower cost. Given asymmetric information with respect to expected lessee utilization and/or damage to the leased space, the lessor offers both a gross and net lease, where the higher expected utilization lessees select the gross lease and the lower expected utilization lessees select a net lease. Lease pricing depends on both the lessor's beliefs with respect to lessee utilization of the space and the lessor's market power. In a monopolistic market, relative to a competitive market, a lessor charges higher rent for a gross lease relative to a net lease in order to extract a portion of the gain from shifting operating services to the lessor. Given the higher rent for a gross lease, a smaller proportion of lessees (only very high utilization lessees) selects a gross lease in a monopolistic market. Therefore, the expected cost savings associated with shifting operating services/provision of maintenance to the lessor are smallest in a monopolistic market.     

Health information and substitution between fish: Lessons from laboratory and field experiments

This paper compares results from a lab experiment and a field experiment conducted in France to evaluate the impact of health information on fish consumption. In both experiments, health information concerns a benefit (omega 3) and a risk (methylmercury). While the lab experiment focuses on two species, namely canned tuna and canned sardines, the field experiment offers a complete measure of the information impact on the choice of various species by consumers. Results from both experiments showed a significant preference change against canned tuna. In the lab experiment, the preference change was reflected by a decrease in WTP, while in the field experiment the preference change was reflected by a decrease in consumption. In the field experiment, among all fish consumed, only the decrease in consumption of canned tuna was statistically significant. A model calibrated to represent the demand for canned tuna allows for a comparison between the two experiments. It shows that the lab experiment suggests a smaller decrease in canned tuna demand compared to the field experiment.     

基于买卖价差的我国股票市场流动性调整的风险价值研究

由于我国股票市场是一个典型的订单驱动型市场,存在报价深度不充分的问题,传统的买卖价差不能真正反映流动性风险,针对这一情形,文章以个股日最高价与最低价之间的价差为度量指标,结合经流动性调整的风险价值模型（BDSS）,考察了沪市25个行业的25只样本股票面临的流动性风险值。实证表明,我国股市存在较大的流动性风险,个股之间的流动性层次区分度不高,呈现出较大的趋同性,流通股本数与流动性风险值呈显著的负相关,而流通市值与流动性风险值呈显著的正相关关系。     

Marching to Different Tunes: Commitment and Culture as Mobilizing Mechanisms of Trade Unions and Community Organizations

This study examines mobilizing mechanisms using a British community organization and a British trade union as exemplars. Although there has been substantial work on union revitalization on the one hand, and the emergence of alternative, community organizations on the other, no study has compared the challenges these organizations face in encouraging member mobilization. The findings illustrate how the trade union engages in a service‐driven culture, cultivating instrumental commitment between the members and the union. The community organization, in contrast, engages in a relational culture and exemplifies a form of social commitment between the members and the group. As a result, different types of commitment and organizational cultures help explain why sustained member mobilization within a trade union is harder to achieve than within a community organization.     

我国煤炭波动周期分析与近中期发展趋势推演

通过对我国改革开放以来GDP增速、煤炭消费增速历史数据的分析,发现不管是经济发展,还是煤炭发展过程中都存在周期性的波动变化规律。而通过对煤炭与经济波动曲线的拟合,发现煤炭与经济发展呈协同波动变化。基于以上煤炭与经济协同波动规律,对未来煤炭与经济发展走势进行了推演,发现煤炭消费增速最早要在2015年前后才能企稳提高,由此进入新一轮上升期。综合分析表明,煤炭抗波动能力较弱,未来要实现煤炭平稳发展,需根据经济发展节奏的不断变化,及时主动地调整煤炭发展步伐,从而避免因煤炭发展的冒进或硬着陆给煤炭及关联产业发展带来长时间、高强度的冲击和损害。     

Optimal policies in hybrid manufacturing/remanufacturing systems with product substitution

In hybrid control systems for simultaneous remanufacturing of used products and manufacturing of new ones, the two operations are not directly interconnected if remanufactured items are downgraded and have to be sold in markets different from those for new products. Sometimes a connection between these markets is given by a downward substitution property which allows the producer to offer a new item instead of a remanufactured one in case of a shortage of a remanufactured product. Thus, shortage costs can be avoided, but a loss in profit due to sale of a high-graded product at the price of a low-graded one has to be accepted. For a single-period problem with stochastic returns of used products and stochastic demands of serviceable ones, it is shown how the manufacturing and remanufacturing decisions have been coordinated in order to maximize the total expected profit. It turns out that under strictly proportional costs and revenues a medium-simple ‘order-up-to policy’ with two parameters and two parameter functions is optimal. However, optimal policies in situations where manufacturing leadtimes exceed leadtimes for remanufacturing turn out to be different from those in the opposite leadtime case. The research presented combines methods for policy analysis in stochastic manufacturing/remanufacturing problems and in stochastic inventory control problems with substitutable products.     

APPLYING MONTE CARLO SIMULATION AND RISK ANALYSIS TO THE FACILITY LOCATION PROBLEM

Facility location problems have become a more strategic decision than just finding the lowest cost space to house a company's product. When choosing the placement of a distribution center, a company must weigh the new freight costs and the cost of a new or leased structure against its necessary service levels, as well as several other factors. Companies can also save on logistics costs in choosing the correct location by incorporating the inherent risk and variability that are involved in a facility location decision. However, in reality, most companies do not analytically consider risk and variability in choosing a location. This article presents a methodology to help determine candidate locations and then conduct a financial risk analysis to determine the ideal location of a new facility.     

Oil Prices and Urban Housing Demand

We develop a model of a monocentric, oil‐exporting city. The model predicts a “twist” (rotation combined with a level shift) of the house price gradient with an oil price change due to the combined producer price and transportation cost effects. Empirical findings support the predictions, with house price changes positively linked to the price of oil in cities specialized in oil and gas‐related industries, and negatively linked in suburban areas of all cities. These results quantify the large and differential risks to house prices associated with oil price changes both within and across cities. Overall, estimates suggest a 50% change in the price of oil results in a city‐wide house price change of 15% over five years in a city specialized in the production of oil (export employment share of 50%), whereas house prices for units greater than 15 miles from the city‐center change in relative terms by ?1.5% over the same period.