我国地震保险制度建设探讨

我国面临严重的地震风险。保险是有效应对地震风险的市场机制,建立地震保险制度对于维护社会稳定、减轻财政压力具有重要意义。目前我国对地震灾害的损失补偿主要采取国家财政和社会捐赠的形式,为了更好地应对地震风险,我国应借鉴国外成功经验,结合我国实际情况,充分发挥保险的损失补偿功能,建立适合我国国情的地震保险制度。     

论中国地震保险制度面临的机遇与挑战

中国是一个地震频繁发生、受地震灾害影响较大的国家,在地震保险方面面临重大挑战。地震保险标的损失重大、地震风险管理的落后、地震灾害损失保障面狭窄、地震保险基金的匮乏以及保险双方风险分散意识淡薄,不仅给中国造成了巨大的人员伤亡和经济损失,而且给中国地震保险的开展带来了困难,所以,构建与完善中国的地震保险制度是一个刻不容缓的问题。在分析现阶段中国地震保险业务开展基础上,对中国现阶段地震保险制度构建机遇进行阐述,并最终给出了建立中国地震保险制度的对策与建议。     

试论我国地震保险制度的构建

近些年世界范围内地震频发,给人民的生活和国家的经济发展带来了巨大的损失,地震保险逐渐引起了社会各界的广泛关注。本文在阐述我国地震保险制度现状和问题的基础上,探讨建立地震保险制度的必要性及可行性,接着比较分析美国、日本等国家和地区的地震保险制度经验,提出我国地震保险制度框架——政府主导和商业保险公司灾后补偿的运作机制及完善我国地震保险制度的政策性建议。     

国内进行地震保险的必要性、有利条件以及模式

作为频繁发生地震自然灾害的国家之一，我国分散地震风险的体系比较缺乏。在汶川大地震中，国内保险业的表现让人惋惜，表现出保险赔付慢、程序繁琐、赔付金额较低的尴尬情况。面对频繁的地震灾害，建立健全完善的地震保险体系显得尤为重要。笔者在本文中探讨了国内进行地震保险的必要性及其重大意义，然后研究了集中地震保险的模式，以期在国内建成和实际情况相符的地震保险。     

日本居民户地震保险制度探析

日本是目前世界上地震保险制度最发达的国家。日本居民户地震保险制度经历了建立的前期准备、正式建立和修改与完善三个变迁阶段。介绍了现行日本居民户地震保险制度中保险覆盖范围、损失的赔付范围和保险索赔支付办法、参保方法、保险费率、保险金额、保险索赔支付金额限制、再保险、责任准备金的相关内容。在此基础上,剖析了日本居民户地震保险制度发展的成功经验和面临的一系列挑战。     

我国开展洪水保险面临的困境和对策

洪水保险作为一项重要的防洪非工程措施,在转移洪灾风险方面,将发挥越来越大的作用。目前我国的洪水保险一直依附于企业财产保险和家庭财产保险,没有专门的洪水保险,因此在我国这样的一个洪涝灾害频繁,洪灾损失严重,工程防洪标准又普遍偏低的国家实施专门的洪水保险是非常必要的。文章主要分析了在我国开展洪水保险的困境,并提出解决的对策及建议。     

国外巨灾保险模式分析与我国巨灾保险体系构建

2008年,我国历经了南方雪灾和汶川地震两起特大自然灾害,造成的直接经济损失高达1万亿元。面对巨额损失,政府用于救灾的财政资金及社会救济累计超过1000亿元,而商业性保险赔付却不足百亿元,不及损失的1%,远远低于国际平均水平。借鉴国外巨灾保险的成功模式,构建适合我国国情的巨灾保险体系,对促进我国保险业发展及和谐社会建设具有重大意义。     

构建我国地震巨灾保险体系的思考

我国南方的罕见雪灾及四川汶川的地震等巨灾的发生,警示我们建立地震等巨灾风险保险体系是当务之急。通过对日本地震巨灾保险体系的研究,提出我国应从国家财政支持及政府积极参与、保险公司积极开发保险产品和提高经营策略、发展资本市场以实行巨灾债券证券化等三个方面建立我国地震等巨灾风险保险体系。     

浅析我国农业保险发展的制约因素

农业保险作为一种市场化的风险转移和损失分摊机制,在分散农业风险、补偿农业损失、提高农业综合生产能力和促进农民增收方面发挥着重要作用,是国家和省继取消农业税,实施粮食直补后的又一项重要的支农惠农政策。本文结合我国农业保险发展现状,对我国农业保险发展滞后的深层根源进行了分析。     

试论如何从灾害中反思家庭财产保险作用的发挥

人类在自然灾害面前总是脆弱的,我国自从进入21世纪以来,经历了几场特大灾害,如汶川大地震、玉树地震等等,每次都给人民群众的财产带来毁灭性的打击。但每次地震之后,保险所能给予的弥补在损失中所占的比例少之又少。受灾群众紧靠政府的援助,很难及时的从创伤中恢复过来。作为保险产品的重要组成部分,家财险由于参保比率较低,在每次灾害中所能发挥的作用较小。本文立足灾害损失,从我国家财险发展中存在的问题入手,探讨如何有效的发挥家财险在灾害中的作用。     

Insurance Taxation and Insurance Fraud

It is common practice in the United States to impose a sales tax on insurance premiums. Insurance benefits are not taxed, and it is typically argued that they should not be taxed because they compensate for a loss. In this paper I present a case where the taxation of insurance benefits is preferable to the taxation of premiums. When insurance fraud is present—in the form of ex post moral hazard—a tax on insurance premiums increases the number of fraudulent claims in the economy, whereas a tax on insurance benefits may reduce fraud. More importantly, however, policyholders are made better off with a benefit tax than with a premium tax.     

如何选择死亡保险的投保期限

当购买死亡保险时,投保人需要选择投保的期限。以平均收益与风险的和为目标函数,讨论了在给定年龄x和安全载荷p的条件下,如何选择投保期限才能使得目标函数达到最大值。同时,利用数值计算结果讨论了年龄对最优投保期限的影响。     

新保险法实施对保险业的影响

修订后的新保险法以投保人、被保险人、受益人的利益保护作为基本立足点,同时加强了保险监管机构的监管权限。新保险法为保险业的发展和核心竞争力的提高奠定了法律基础。新保险法实施对保险业的运营产生重要影响,会导致运营成本提高,不少人寿保险产品纷纷停售即与此有关,保险业挑战与机遇并存。保险业应采取有效措施进行应对。     

养老社会保险隐性债务不等同于转制成本

能否妥善解决好养老社会保险转制成本问题,直接关系到养老社会保险筹资模式转制的成败.笔者在研究中发现,目前我国理论界,在对养老社会保险转制成本的认识上存在着重大的误区,往往将它与养老社会保险隐性债务混为一谈,结果导致养老社会保险转制成本被严重高估.事实上,二者之间是有重大区别的.依笔者之见,不仅养老社会保险转制成本与养老社会保险隐性债务之间存在着区别,而且养老社会保险隐性债务内部本身也存在着转制隐性债务与一般隐性债务之间的区别.     

WTO Exceptions as Insurance

The paper formalizes the notion that GATT exceptions such as antidumping and escape clause actions can act as insurance for import competing sectors affected by adverse price shocks. The authors use a general‐equilibrium model with several import competing sectors and assume incomplete markets so that agents cannot contract insurance. It is shown that sector‐specific contingent protection measures are superior to uniform contingent tariffs as an insurance mechanism. A tax‐cum‐subsidy policy (i.e., taxing all sectors in order to subsidize the shocked sector) also improves welfare and is superior to contingent protection.     

Insurance monopoly and renegotiation

Summary The mechanism design problem of a monopoly insurer — faced with privately informed insurees — is considered. It is assumed that the insurer cannot commit not to renegotiate (by using the information that customer separation reveals) before contracts are put into force. A solution is offered by modeling renegotiation-proofness in a framework inspired by Greenberg's theory of social situations. Maximizing profit within the set of renegotiation-proof outcomes always leads to a semi-separating outcome (i.e. neither full pooling nor full separation can occur) and may leave all low-risks as well as some of the high-risks self-insured.This work originated with Asheim and Nilssen (1991). The authors thank Paul Beaudry, Mathias Dewatripont, John Hillas, Terje Lensberg, Georg Nöldeke, Trond Olsen, Michel Poitevin, Eric van Damme, and especially Joseph Greenberg, as well as participants at seminars in Bergen, Cambridge, Florence, Helsinki, London, Mons, Montreal, Oslo, Stony Brook, and Tilburg for helpful comments and discussions. Asheim thanks Tilburg (CentER), McGill and Humboldt Universities for their hospitality and acknowledges support from the Norwegian Research Centre in Organization and Management and the Norwegian Research Council. Nilssen acknowledges support from Norges Bank and the Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities.     

Regional Insurance and Migration

A dynamic model of migration is developed to study whether labor mobility can hedge people against region-specific shocks, making private or public insurance redundant. The model adopts a novel timing for migration, which is argued to be the time frame suitable for analyzing risk-sharing issues. It also innovates on the existing literature by solving individual migration through convexification of the set of actions. The results show that the role of migration as an insurance mechanism is small: labor mobility cannot fully remove income differentials between regions. It is also shown that a fiscal stabilization scheme is, in general, optimal; moreover, any pure risk-sharing mechanism has no influence on migration flows.