中国农村扶贫项目的目标定位

I. IntroductionHistorically, poverty is a rural phenomenon in China. The majority of the poor populationis still living in rural areas, although it is widely reported that the number of poor poeple hasdeclined dramatically since the end of 1978 when reform was initiated (The World Bank,2001; National Bureau of Statistics, NBS, 2001). The official estimate indicates that therewere 34 million of poor people in rural China in 1999 (NBS, 2001). However, it is argued thattheir dramatic reduct…     

Factor shares,inequality, and capital flows

I present an endogenous growth model where innovations are factor saving and model the choice of technologies in an Overlapping Generations framework. Markets are competitive and factor prices are determined by marginal productivity of factors; therefore, the income share of reproducible factors increases with the stage of development. Beyond the standard results of this type of model I find that (i) without bequests long‐run growth is not possible, (ii) if the economy presents long‐run growth then intrageneration inequality may last forever but if the economy does not present long‐run growth then in steady state, there is no intrageneration inequality, (iii) when the economy is open, the pattern of capital flows depends not only on the relative abundance of factors but also on the technologies and, for this reason, capital may not flow from rich to poor economies, and (iv) consistently, capital flows may not help to break poverty traps.     

基于空间视角的城乡收入差距与产业集聚研究

借鉴新经济地理学的相关理论,把中间产品投入和产业集聚外部性分别引入农村和城市部门生产函数,通过模型推导出均衡条件下以产业集聚为核心的城乡收入差距决定因素的方程,并在方程中纳入空间相关因素,采用空间面板计量方法实证检验了中国省区城乡收入差距与产业集聚等影响因素的关系,研究发现:(1)相邻省区间的城乡收入差距存在正的相互影响,产业集聚等一系列影响因素对相邻省区间城乡差距的影响具有传递性和迭加性.(2)非农产业的空间产出密度和集聚规模指数、人力资本比度量的城乡全要素生产率比、城乡资本投入比、农村中间产品投入价格均扩大了城乡收入差距,城乡劳动力比缩小了城乡差距.     

Income inequities between black and white populations in southern nonmetropolitan counties

This article examines differences in the income status of black and white populations in Southern nonmetropolitan counties and discusses how various labor market, social, and human capital characteristics influence the income status of the respective groups. The data show an inconsistent pattern between black and white populations’ income level in Southern nonmetropolitan counties. The data also show that various structural/institutional (e.g., local labor market and human capital) and social/cultural (e.g., population) factors affect the income of black and white populations differently.     

贫困农户增收路径研究——基于农民收入差距分析

收入差距过大问题是我国当前经济生活中一个非常突出的问题。我国农村贫困发生率与贫富差距及农民收入水平具有高度的关联性。对农民收入差距状况的分析表明，形成贫困户和非贫困户收入差距过大的主要原因有两个，一是工资性收入，二是非农经营收入。围绕这两个方面，增加贫困户收入、缩小贫困户和非贫困户过大的收入差距的主要路径有：一是加大对人力资本的投资；二是积极有序地组织剩余劳动力转移；三是加快农村非农产业的发展；四是积极培育农村专业协作组织。     

Do Poor Rural Households Produce Less Grain than Non-poor Rural Households

China＇s poor rural households produce substantially less grain compared with non-poor rural households. The present paper applies a decomposition approach and uses China＇s rural household survey data to investigate the causes of this grain output gap The paper first compares the grain output gap between poor and non-poor rural households, and then decomposes the gap into differences in yield and area sown, The results indicate that the gap in grain output mainly results from differences in the amount of inputs used in production. Differences in the number of labor days and the level of intermediate inputs account for 13.6 and 47.S percent of the gap, respectively. Poor rural households are also less efficient in their use of intermediate inputs, which contributes to 13.2percent of the gap. However, the efficiency of poor households＂ labor days reduces the gap by 7.2 percent, while agricultural physical capital, househoM head education and agricultural training have no substantial impact on the household grain output gap.     

Decomposing Income Inequality and Policy Implications in Rural China

Using village data from samples covering 6 provinces,36 counties and 216 townships,the income inequalities within and between townships in rural China are assessed. The Theil index and the mean logarithmic deviation methods enable us to test income inequality at the township level,and to decompose it into intra-regional and inter-regional at county and provincial levels. In the present paper,we also decompose income inequalities between and within the nationally designated poor counties (NDPC). The results show that approximately two-thirds of the income inequality in rural China would be eliminated if measures and policies were targeted at the county level. This study also confirms the rationale that China's poverty alleviation strategy of focusing on poor counties based on the inequalities between NDPC and non-NDPC accounts for the most inter-province inequality.     

健康人力资本与性别工资差异

现有对性别工资差异的研究大多是基于教育、经验等人力资本对工资的影响进行分析而忽视了健康人力资本的作用。本文运用中国健康与营养调查数据,将健康人力资本引入工资决定模型,对我国劳动力市场上健康人力资本对工资的影响以及性别工资差异进行了实证分析。研究发现：健康人力资本是影响我国居民工资收入的重要因素;我国劳动力市场上存在明显的性别工资差异,女性工资显著低于男性;利用Oaxaca—Cotton的分解方法发现性别工资差异中大约只有20％可以被个体特征合理解释,余下的部分被认为是对女性的歧视和没能观测到的因素所致。健康人力资本对工资的边际贡献在性别之间的差异是性别工资差异的重要来源。     

SOURCES OF INCOME DIFFERENCES ACROSS CHINESE PROVINCES DURING THE REFORM PERIOD: A DEVELOPMENT ACCOUNTING EXERCISE

The present paper performs a development accounting analysis to investigate the sources of China's interprovincial income inequality over the period 1982–2005. We estimate a Cobb–Douglas aggregate production function with various specifications. Using the estimated parameters, we conduct a development accounting analysis as well as a variance decomposition. Our results suggest that differences in physical capital intensity and in total factor productivity are both important sources of cross‐province income differences, each accounting for roughly half of the variation in income levels. Differences in human capital explain only a small amount of income differences across provinces. The results are robust to whether or not the assumption of constant returns to scale is imposed. The interaction between factor accumulation and total factor productivity is also discussed.     

The Effects of Remittances on Output per Worker in Sub‐Saharan Africa: A Production Function Approach

This paper uses a production function to examine the channels through which remittances affect output per worker in 31 Sub‐Saharan African countries from 1980 to 2010. Lagged remittances increase physical capital per worker, average years of schooling and total factor productivity, but the effectiveness of remittances varies with the income level of the recipient nation. Although remittances have increased both physical capital and total factor productivity among the upper middle income nations, among the lower middle income, they have increased only the physical capital. Meanwhile a reduction in institutional risk has encouraged investment and efficiency, but its relationship to the effectiveness of remittances has been inconclusive.     

生产函数异质性与地区差距

经济学在研究地区差距形成的原因时,强调了地区之间要素积累的差异,但忽略了不同地区的生产函数可能存在的差异。本文首次允许不同地区具有不同的生产函数,并以此来解释地区差距扩大:即如果不同地区的要素份额不同,那么它们的生产函数就是不同的,从而人均产出也不同,因此地区差距会不断扩大。本文以索洛模型为基础,用中国的省级数据进行了实证研究。结果表明,资本份额对实际人均产出有非常显著的正的影响,即资本份额越高的地区,实际人均产出也越高,因此地区之间的差距会不断扩大,生产函数差异能够解释地区差异的16%。不仅如此,资本份额的差异性会引起各地区经济增长收敛速度的下降,从而也扩大了地区差距。最后,应用中国工业企业的微观数据,进一步说明了产业结构和行业构成是造成地区生产函数异质性的一个原因,由于不同产业和行业之间的要素份额不同,而不同地区具有不同的产业结构和行业结构,因此地区之间会有不同的生产函数。     

FDI的流入必然会扩大城乡收入差距吗?

本文在理论分析FDI如何影响城乡收入差距基础上,基于1992～2007年间省级面板数据的估计结果显示:FDI的流入能够抑制城乡收入差距的扩大趋势,此外FDI还是缩小城乡收入差距的内生性变量。在控制变量中,政府财政支出是扩大城乡收入差距的重要因素,而经济增长和物质资本积累却能够显著地缩小城乡收入差距,人力资本积累和对外开放程度对城乡收入差距的影响却不显著。     

Economic Restructuring,Informal Jobs and Pro‐poor Growth in Urban China

Based on household survey datasets and the framework of pro‐poor growth, the present paper discusses how economic growth and inequality affect poverty reduction in urban China. The findings in this paper suggest that the poor benefit from economic growth through the trickle‐down effect, but that the poor benefit disproportionally less than the nonpoor in both periods, from 1988 to 1995 and from 1995 to 2002; however, in the latter period, the pro‐poorness is higher than that of the former period. Using the principle of Shapley decomposition, this paper develops an index of pro‐poor growth for each income component, and finds that the income from informal jobs is the main contributor to the pro‐poorness of growth during the period 1995 to 2002.     

The Role of Property Rights in the Relationship between Capital Flows and Economic Growth in SSA: Do Natural Resources Endowment and Country Income Level Matter?

This paper studies the role played by the quality of property rights in the linkages of international capital flows into sub‐Saharan African (SSA) economies. Using panel data of 36 SSA countries over the period 1996–2015 and the ARDL procedure with the Pooled Mean Group regression method appropriate for non‐stationary panel data estimation, we account for the joint effects of property rights quality and openness to foreign capital flows on economic growth. We uncover the existence of a property rights quality threshold beyond which property rights either amplifies the spillovers effects or attenuates the negative effect of capital flows on economic growth. For instance, it takes a level of property rights of at least 60 to have a positive long‐term impact of capital flows on economic growth in natural resource‐poor African countries. The quality of property rights matters more to obtain spillover effects of capital flows on growth in natural resource‐poor countries than in their peer natural resource‐rich countries. Finally, with regard to the countries' income levels, capital flows have significant long‐term spillovers effects on economic growth in advanced African economies than in their low‐income peers.     

Economic subsidies and incentives in education for low-income people

Conclusion First, education is both a private and a public good. We may specify a social welfare function for education as a social good with externalities and internalities, social costs, and social benefits. We may also analyze education as a private good and specify production functions, consumption functions, investment functions, and capital accumulation functions for it. Both micro and macro relations are involved in its production and use. Stock-flow-stock variables are involved in the theory and applications. Economic education is no less important for low income people than it is for the nonpoor and the rich in a conservative capitalistic system.     

人力资本特征与行业收入差距的相关性分析

本文采用2012年的行业收入及其相关因素的截面数据并对其进行统计分析,在控制行业特征的情况下研究人力资本特征对行业收入差距的影响。研究发现:①垄断依然是影响行业收入差距的重要因素;②受教育程度对行业工资回报有着很强的正向影响;③从业人员的平均年龄对工资收入差距的影响为负;④我国就业市场中的"性别歧视"现象仍然存在,在高收入行业中男性的比例要大于女性,而女性要进入高收入行业必须要有着更高的学历条件。     

Efficiency and technology gap in China's agriculture: A regional meta-frontier analysis

This paper utilizes a unique county-level dataset to examine technical efficiency and technology gap in China's agriculture. We classify the counties into four regions with distinctive levels of economic development, and hence production technologies. A meta-frontier analysis is used. We find that although the eastern counties have the highest efficiency scores with respect to the regional frontier but the northeastern region leads in terms of agricultural production technology nationwide. Meanwhile, the mean efficiency of the northeastern counties is particularly low, suggesting technology and knowledge diffusion within region might help to improve production efficiency and thus agricultural output.     

中国社会保障支出与城乡居民收入差距关系的实证分析

文章首先分析了中国城乡收入差距现状,之后选取了城乡人均物质资本差距、城乡人力资本差距、城乡劳动力市场一体化程度和城乡社会保障差距四个影响城乡居民收入差距的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明,城乡人均物质资本差距和城乡劳动力市场一体化程度对城乡居民收入差距有正向影响,城乡人力资本差距和城乡社会保障差距对城乡居民收入差距有负向影响。     

Heterogeneous production functions and regional disparity

On explaining regional differences, the current literature emphasizes the difference in factor accumulations. This paper suggests an additional possibility that regions may differ in parameter values in their production functions. In terms of the Cobb–Douglas production function, regions may differ in the share of capital in income. Using the province-level data in China, this paper shows that capital shares have a very significant and positive effect on per capita GDP. In particular, the differences in production functions explain 46.6% of the difference in per capita output between the East region and West region in China. Further, using the firm-level data, we show that the differences in regional production function are likely due to different industry compositions.     

Determinants of Economic Growth and Spread–backwash Effects in Western and Eastern China

This paper comparatively assesses the major contributors to economic growth and spread–backwash effects in Western and Eastern China over the period 2000–2007. The empirical findings indicate that economies in both regions increasingly agglomerated in large cities; the marginal products of domestic capital and labor in the western region were, respectively, two‐thirds and half of those in the eastern region; FDI was more productive than domestic capital. Spatial econometric analysis reveals that the central cities in Western China had mild spread effects on each other and backwash effects on the nearby rural counties and, in contrast, the central cities in the eastern region competed with each other and had backwash effects on nearby rural counties but spread effects on neighboring county‐level cities. The paper draws several policy implications in relation to the improvement of factor inputs and construction of growth centers in the western region.