双轨制、价格市场化与总量投资分析

本文在新古典投资理论的框架下引入中国转轨时期的制度性因素，建立包括私有部门、国企部门以及政府部门的投资行为模型，论证了国有企业多重目标而导致其过度投资和资本积累，同时解释了在转轨过程中出现的诸如“国退民进”等演化现象，论证了政府倾向于干预经济，施行“逆风向行事”规则，然而因其对项目真实利润的不可准确估测性会导致投资的过度波动，从而表明政府投资可能是经济中投资波动的来源。     

资本账户开放对股票价格传导机制研究

改革开放以来,伴随着我国资本账户开放的进一步深入,我国资本市场与国际资本市场的联系更加紧密,受到国际资本市场的影响更加深重.最近几年,资本账户开放对我国股票市场价格和收益的传导作用得到了充分的体现,在资本账户开放的进程中,股票收益率受到国际市场利率的影响作用不断加强.资本账户开放是一把利弊兼有的"双刃剑",在推动股票价格和收益率提高的同时,也给股票市场带来了巨大的风险.这首先是大量国际短期资本的涌入所导致的股票市场价格波动的风险;其次是我国金融监管水平相对落后或金融监管无效性所引致的监管风险;再次是国内券商所面临的竞争性风险.资本账户开放作为我国改革开放的一项重要内容,我们一定要正视资本账户开放给股票市场带来的风险,通过制度建设、加强监管、正确设计资本账户开放次序以及提高国内金融机构竞争力等措施来规避风险,从而促进我国金融开放的顺利进行.     

Trade Liberalization in Egypt

A computable general equilibrium model of Egypt is developed to analyze proposed reforms in its trade policies, including a partnership agreement with the European Union. The model has multiple trading regions and allows for administrative trade barriers and tariffs. The paper reports computations of the revenue impacts of trade liberalization and the required changes in distortionary commodity taxes to maintain a fixed real government budget. Egypt's greatest potential gains come from removing its administrative trade barriers while adopting globally free trade. The partnership agreement with the EU could lower or raise Egypt's welfare, depending on prior trade reform.     

Quantifying globalization

Globalization is much debated, but is it possible to make reliable ranks of which countries are the most integrated internationally? Traditionally resort is taken to trade measures, but even considering only economic integration this measure disregards a number of aspects. This paper proposes a single measure or index of globalization based on several indicators of economic integration combined by use of the multivariate technique of factor analysis. The index is calculated for 23 OECD countries, and among the findings are that Ireland is ranked as the most globalized country during the 1990s, while the UK was at the top during the 1980s. Some of the most notable changes in the rankings are the decline of the USA, Canada, and to a lesser extent Japan and Norway. There are notable improvements in the ranking for Finland, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. For Portugal and Spain the changes seem to follow EU membership in the mid-1980s.     

论异质性厂商下的贸易自由化

1．引言近十年的经验研究表明,标准的新贸易理论对于同质厂商的假设忽略了许多现实的重要因素。例如,并非所有的厂商都在贸易部门进行贸易,而且同一部门内的出口厂商的生产力一般要高于该部门的非出口厂商(A．W,Chung和Roberts 2000,Bernard和Jensen 1995,1999a,b,2001；Clerides,Lach和Tybout 1998；Eaton,Kortum和Kramarz 2004；参见Tybout 2003 for a survey)。     

Trade Liberalization and Technology Diffusion

The paper considers the role of technology diffusion and trade liberalization for the catching‐up of structurally backward countries. A New Economic Geography model is presented that accounts for firm entry/exit and international mobility of skilled labor employed in public R&D sectors. This raises the traditional agglomeration effects in a core–periphery setting as firms and mobile factors usually cluster within spatial agglomerations. With international technology diffusion, however, there is a counteracting effect on the traditional agglomeration effects as firms in the periphery also benefit from increasing R&D expenditures in the core lowering entry costs for firms. It is found that the catching‐up of structurally backward countries is spurred not only as a result of trade integration but also because of technology diffusion.     

Why Environmentalists Resist Trade Liberalization

We build a two-country differential game model of polluting oligopoly to consider the effects of trade liberalization. As in static models, the opening of trade promotes competition but expands global pollution. Characterizing open-loop and feedback strategies, we derive a sufficient condition for losses from trade. This losses-from-trade proposition could provide a rationale for persistent resistance to globalization by environmentalists.     

Trade Liberalization and Technology Choice

This paper considers the links between trade liberalization and technology choice in the nonliberalizing country. Trade‐liberalization‐induced changes in relative product prices have direct effects on equilibrium relative factor returns. The consequent changes in relative input costs may also lead producers to switch to alternative technologies, which will in turn induce a further indirect change in relative factor returns. Will this indirect affect exacerbate or ameliorate the direct effect on relative factor returns? It is found that this depends on the relative cost savings across sectors and factor cost shares.     

Trade Liberalization and Cartel Stability

Can reduced trade barriers promote a collusive understanding about not exporting into each others domestic markets? Reduced trade costs increase the short‐run gains from starting exporting, but can also make the long‐run punishment of such a strategy harsher. If collusion on prices is supported by a trigger strategy, a reduction in trade costs weakens competition in the sense that collusion is easier to sustain. In a corresponding model with collusion on quantities, this conclusion is reversed. The authors also discuss how results change if grim trigger strategies are replaced by stick‐and‐carrot punishments.     

Endogenous Growth and Trade Liberalization

We develop an endogenous growth model in which trade liberalization has a positive effect on growth. This effect does not depend on marginal re-allocations nor on knowledge-spillovers. Rather, it is due solely to the increase in market size following the integration of product markets. Our result contradicts a widely-help view that trade on physical goodsper sehas no consequences for long-run growth.[F15]     

Liberalization and tax amnesty in a developing economy

We show that tax evaders can respond to a tax amnesty, even if enforcement activities do not change, if it is timed to coincide with liberalization and rising incomes. The success of the amnesty, in terms of its effect on tax revenue and welfare, depends on the distribution of the gains from liberalization. Our analysis provides a theoretical justification of the link between successful amnesties and economic liberalization and points to factors that a policy maker should consider for success of future amnesties.     

Russia

Statistical Annex

Russia     

Preferential Trade Liberalization Under Cournot Competition

Suppose a country imports a homogeneous good from n foreign countries/producers and wants to eliminate tariffs on imports from m < n of them. If foreign producers differ in their marginal costs, which ones will be among the m that are granted free trade? This paper shows, among other things, that under constant marginal cost and fairly general assumptions about demand it will be the least efficient producers.     

资本账户开放前瞻

由于各种条件的限制,渐进开放资本项目是中国的必然选择。     

International Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth

This paper pulls together existing theory and evidence to assess whether international financial liberalization, by improving the functioning of domestic financial markets and banks, accelerates economic growth. The analysis suggests that the answer is "yes." First, liberalizing restrictions on international portfolio flows tends to enhance stock market liquidity. n turn, enhanced stock market liquidity accelerates economic growth primarily by boosting productivity growth. Second, allowing greater foreign bank presence tends to enhance the efficiency of the domestic banking system. In turn, better-developed banks spur economic growth primarily by accelerating productivity growth. Thus, international financial integration can promote economic development by encouraging improvements in the domestic financial system.     

Quantifying Optimal Growth Policy

We determine the optimal growth policy within a comprehensive endogenous growth model. The model accounts for important elements of the tax transfer system and for transitional dynamics. It captures the three main growth engines based on standard ingredients in order to understand the quantitative policy and welfare implications of the existing theory. Our calibrated model indicates that the current policy leads to severe underinvestment in both R&D and physical capital, implying that both R&D and capital investment subsidies should be increased substantially. We argue that previous research has overlooked a strong evidence for the welfare significance of the quest for the optimal growth policy by failing to calibrate the distortionary tax system.     

国际服务贸易自由化的收益和成本

伴随着全球服务贸易的飞速发展,服务贸易自由化的收益问题成为众多学者讨论的热门话题。有的学者认为服务贸易自由化有利于降低产品价格、改善服务质量以及节约成本等,因而会给全球带来巨大的收益;而有的学者则提出相反的观点,认为自由化会遏制本国服务业的发展、传播经济危机并危害国家安全。文章在总结许多学者关于国际服务贸易自由化中收益和成本文献的基础上,对我国参与服务贸易自由化提出了相关的建议。