传统宗族文化如何影响已婚女性劳动参与?

本文利用2014年中国家庭追踪调查数据考察宗族文化对已婚女性劳动参与的影响.实证结果表明所在村居的宗族文化越强,已婚女性的劳动参与水平越低.利用移民样本控制了宗族文化的环境因素后,传承因素仍然有显著的负面影响,并且该影响在控制了村居固定效应后仍然显著.对于城市女性而言,宗族文化对劳动参与的影响显著减弱.对于处于生育和非...     

最低工资与城镇老年劳动参与

在人口老龄化问题日益突出的背景下,充分利用老年劳动力资源,保障老年群体福利具有重要意义。文章利用城镇住户调查数据和区县最低工资数据,使用双向固定效应模型和“堆叠”双重差分法,分析了最低工资政策对城镇老年劳动供给行为的影响。研究发现:(1)最低工资标准每上涨10%,我国城镇老年群体的劳动参与率显著提高1.44个百分点;(2)从异质性上看,最低工资标准上涨主要影响男性、低技能、低财产性收入和来自东、中部地区的老年群体;(3)最低工资政策显著提高了老年群体进入正规部门就业和离退休再就业的概率,降低了离退休的概率,也显著提升了老年群体的工资水平。根据结论文章认为,合理提高最低工资标准对缓解老龄化问题和提高老年群体福利具有一定的积极作用。     

女性劳动参与对家庭储蓄率的影响

中国家庭的高储蓄是一个广受关注的问题,本文试图从女性劳动参与的角度对中国家庭的高储蓄给出解释。首先从理论上探讨了女性劳动参与和家庭储蓄率之间的关系,然后利用2017年中国家庭金融调查数据对此进行了实证检验。为克服内生性的影响,采用同一社区、同一年龄段的其他已婚女性劳动参与率作为家庭中已婚女性劳动参与的工具变量,实证检验已婚女性劳动参与对家庭储蓄率的影响。研究结果表明,已婚女性劳动参与显著增加家庭储蓄率。异质性分析发现,已婚女性劳动参与对20岁到30岁女性家庭、大学及以上教育水平和有二孩意愿家庭的储蓄率有显著影响。进一步研究发现,已婚女性劳动参与促进家庭储蓄率增加的原因是,家庭的收入水平显著增加,而家庭消费水平未发生显著性改变。同时,现阶段中国女性劳动参与没有显著降低家庭预防性储蓄动机,反而进一步提升了家庭储蓄率。本文为理解中国家庭的高储蓄提供了新的视角,可以为未来制定政策提供参考。     

最低工资、劳动密集度与企业退出

基于1998—2013年中国工业企业数据库和城市最低工资的匹配数据，本文研究了最低工资上涨对企业退出的影响，并进一步探究了不同劳动密集度企业的异质反应。实证结果表明，最低工资提升会显著提高劳动密集型企业的退出概率，降低资本密集型企业的退出概率。机制检验表明，最低工资提升会通过影响产品成本加成率、行业市场份额、企业生产率来影响企业利润，进而影响其退出概率。本文结果表明，最低工资上涨有利于产业资本深化和经济高质量发展。     

家庭收入与中国城镇已婚妇女劳动参与决策分析

在中国经济的转型期间女性劳动参与率出现了明显下降,这种下降趋势在年龄较大以及教育程度较低的妇女群组中表现更为突出。与此同时我国的男女收入差距也在不断扩大。然而丈夫收入并不能充分解释女性劳动参与率的变动。已婚妇女劳动参与率下降最大的家庭并不是丈夫收入增长最快的家庭。1995—2002年间丈夫收入仅仅解释了整体已婚妇女劳动参与率变动的12.87%,以及低收入家庭中已婚妇女劳动参与率变动的7.74%。与其说我国女性劳动参与率的下降是家庭收入提高从而家庭重新分工的自主选择,不如说是严峻的就业形势所迫。     

我国城镇已婚女性劳动供给影响因素实证研究

本文利用问卷调查数据,采用Tobit截断回归模型来实证分析我国城镇已婚女性劳动供给的影响因素.回归结果表明,受教育程度与城镇已婚女性劳动供给正相关,女性受教育程度是已婚女性劳动供给的主要影响因素.城镇已婚女性年龄与其劳动供给之间呈负相关.丈夫月收入与城镇已婚女性劳动供给呈负相关.家庭中六岁以下孩子的存在作为已婚女性减少市场劳动时间的决定因素是不显著的.     

代际依赖、代际支持与女性劳动参与——基于CFPS数据的分析

劳动参与率是反映就业状况的一个重要指标,自从以市场为导向的改革以来,女性的劳动参与率呈显著下降趋势.基于北京大学社会科学调查中心全国抽样调查数据(CFPS),采用Logistics方法,从代际依赖和代际支持两个维度分析可能影响女性劳动参与的代际因素.在代际依赖方面,父母和孩子的经济依赖都有利于提高女性的劳动参与;父母的...     

学前教育、户籍差异与女性劳动供给

已有研究表明，农村移民女性和城市女性处于分割的劳动力市场中，因此学前教育对她们劳动供给的影响可能存在差异。本文利用中国家庭追踪调查2012—2018年数据，构建双重差分模型，考察了学前教育对两类女性劳动供给的不同影响。研究表明，学前教育提高了农村移民女性的劳动供给，但对城市女性影响不明显。原因是农村移民女性的劳动收入低于城市女性，获取隔代照料的难度也更大，因此学前教育大幅减轻了她们的照护负担，并提升其劳动供给。为提升农村移民女性劳动供给，政府应对她们的儿童照护支出进行补助，并提高学前教育服务的可获得性。     

试论城镇女性的教育与劳动参与之间的关系

自我国实行以市场为导向的改革开放以来,城镇女性劳动力的劳动参与率发生了显著下降,劳动力市场的性别不平等问题引起了社会各界的广泛关注。教育是影响女性劳动参与的重要变量,既有促进女性参与市场劳动的一面,也有降低女性劳动参与率的一面。一方面教育能够增加女性的工资收入,提高女性的健康水平,增加女性的预期工作时间,在其他条件不变的情况下,能够提高女性的劳动参与率;另一方面随着女性的教育水平的提高,女性在婚姻生活中的议价能力也会不断提高,这又使女性乐于享受家庭生活,倾向于不参与市场劳动。     

已婚妇女劳动力供给行为研究

妇女走出家庭，进入社会就业已成为当今世界的普遍现象。由于已婚妇女在家庭中扮演了极其重要的角色，其就业决策不仅受各种客观的社会经济因素的影响，而且受家庭实际情况的影响。本文通过对已婚妇女劳动力供给行为的分析，揭示影响已婚妇女就业选择的各种因素，并提出解决已婚妇女如何兼顾家庭劳动和市场工作的对策：阶段性就业、弹性工时制和家务劳动社会化。     

A Cross-Section Analysis of the Labour Force Participation of Married Women in Australia

'In a time when whales and seals are classified as endangered species, babies also seem to be an endangered species ˙˙˙ with so many mothers in the workforce our population growth has dropped below zero and I think the Federal government should counter that trend˙˙˙˙ Babies born in Australia are our best new Australians.' (Senator Florence Bjelke-Petersen in a speech to the Women's Action Alliance, reported in the Canberra Times, 3 June 1981 .)
The paper examines the labour supply of married women in Australia using data from the 1974 Census of Population and Housing. A number of approaches to modeling are employed. In the first instance OLS equations are estimated. These estimates are compared with instrumental variable estimates endogenizing wage rates. and with estimates from a three-equation system endogenizing fertility as well as wages. The evidence suggests that many of the factors proposed by modern theory do exercise significant influences in anticipated directions on the labour supply of married women in Australia.     

Minimum Wage Compliance and the Labor Demand Curve

Contrary to the traditional analysis of the employment effects of the minimum wage setting, the author shows that if compliance is contingent upon enforcement, complying with the minimum wage law involves a leftward shift of the labor demand curve rather than an upward movement along the curve. Furthermore, the labor demand curve will shift leftward with enforcement even if enforcement is insufficient to ensure compliance, becoming vertical when the options of compliance and noncompliance are equally attractive. Hence, it is not paying the statutory minimum wage that brings about a reduction in employment down to the full-compliance level but enforcement that, if sufficiently high, induces that same reduction in employment, even if the employer is still noncomplying with the minimum wage law.     

Participation,Recruitment Selection,and the Minimum Wage

In this paper, we re‐examine the efficiency of participation with heterogeneous workers in a search‐matching model with bargained wages and free entry. Assuming that firms hire their best applicants, we show that participation is always too low. The reason for this is a hold‐up phenomenon: to be active, a worker must pay the entire search cost whereas part of the gain from this investment goes to the firm. As a consequence, introducing a (small) minimum wage raises participation, job creation, and employment. Therefore, net aggregate income of the economy is increased.     

Against the Wind: Labor Force Participation of Women and Economic Instability in Iran

In the last three decades, Iranian women's educational attainment has continuously increased while their fertility rate has fallen rapidly. Yet in spite of these developments, which in many countries have a positive effect on women's labor force participation, female labor force participation (FLFP) rates have remained at low levels. This paper argues that despite its overall static trend, FLFP of some Iranian women responded to economic pressures induced by macroeconomic instabilities. Looking at the Iranian economic crisis of 1994–5, the study shows that, controlling for individual fixed effects, married women in rural areas and never-married women in urban areas increased their participation rate by as much as 38 percent. No change in hours worked was found for any group of women. The differences in responses and their underlying reasons have policy implications for many developing countries.     

Structural Change in the Probability of Part-Time Participation by Married Women

Results from an ordered probit model are provided at two points in time for the probability of participation. The findings indicate a structural change between 1976 and 1986 in the determinants of whether married women choose non-participation, full-time or part-time participation. In 1976 more education and experience shifted women out of non-participation and into full-time and part-time participation. By 1986 more education and experience shifted women out of non-participation and part-time work into full-time work.     

Economic Development and Women's Labor Force Participation in India

India has experienced steady economic growth over the last two decades alongside a persistent decline in women's labor force participation (LFPR). This paper explores the relationship between economic development and women's labor supply using state-level data spanning the period 1983–4 to 2011–2. While several studies suggest a U-shaped relationship between development and women's labor force participation, our results suggest that at the state level, there is no systematic U-shaped relationship between level of domestic product and women's LFPR. On examining the relationship between the structure of the economy and women's economic activity, we find that it is not economic growth but rather the composition of growth that is relevant for women. Further, our results suggest that aggregate changes in the proportion of women in the workforce can be mostly attributed to the movement of the workforce across sectors rather than changes in the proportion of women workers within a sector.     

Oil,Laws, and Female Labor Force Participation

Despite the rapid rise of women’s education and the fall of their fertility rates in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), female labor force participation (FLFP) rates remain low. This paper argues that oil and gas rents and Islamic family law jointly matter. Controlling for country and year fixed-effects in a long panel dataset, it shows that per capita oil and gas rents reduce FLFP rates in countries with Islamic family law more than others. The results are robust to econometric methodology and to controlling for the interaction of rents and all other time-constant factors that are common across the MENA region, such as culture, social norms, and institutions. Moreover, the results cannot be replicated by substituting historical plough use, a strong predictor of gender discrimination, in place of Islamic family law. Policy implications are discussed.