PUBLIC ENTERPRISE IN THE MODERN WESTERN WORLD: AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT: The aim of this article is to explain the pattern of public enterprise in Western Europe, Japan and the USA in the late 20th century, just before the onset of privatization. This requires an examination of the origins which date from the early 19th century. A common misconception is that public enterprise was a device for overcoming problems of natural monopoly and/or a socialist instrument for mitigating worker exploitation. It is argued that the former was mainly dealt with by arms’ length regulation and that socialist forces were limited. Public enterprise was common in grid networks everywhere and, in manufacturing, more common in Germany, Spain, Italy than elsewhere. Why also were the USA and UK (up to 1939) different and what does the privatization experience tell us about public enterprise? The answer is that public enterprise was often an instrument for promoting social and political unification, securing national defence and related strategic considerations, increasingly in the 20th century for promoting economic growth, with regulatory failures and socialist pressures playing a more subsidiary and/or occasional role.     

基于ISM框架的企业科技向善影响因素分析

企业科技向善是指企业为最大化用户价值与社会福祉,运用创新技术以生产与提供产品/服务,实现商业价值与社会价值的企业行动,其重要性受到理论界与实务界的广泛关注。在回顾企业科技向善内涵及影响因素的基础上,采用扎根理论对27位学者、企业家的访谈与演讲实录等质性材料进行分析,提炼企业科技向善影响因素。同时,基于解释结构模型,对企业科技向善影响因素的内在关联及多层递阶结构进行探索,明确企业管理者的认知与态度、价值观是重要前置因素,发现消费者需求与创新机遇识别是必要条件,企业愿景与使命、组织管理及治理结构等内部支撑是基础,政府规制及社会规范等外部利益相关群体与要素是重要动力,市场环境以及社会发展与转型是重要依托。     

透析中国企业社会责任会计问题

本文通过对我国A股上市公司企业社会责任报告状况进行调查研究,发现我国企业社会责任报告存在两个主要的问题：报告率低;报告质量有待提高。分析其原因主要有：相关法律制度不健全;缺乏统一报告要求;缺乏统一报告标准;企业社会责任概念有待进一步推广;社会责任信息披露存在较高成本。最后提出五点建议：成立专门研究机构,完善企业社会责任理论体系;制定相关规章制度,规范企业社会责任报告内容格式;增加企业社会贵任信息审计,防止虚假社会责任信息的发布;大力培养社会责任会计人才,普及企业社会责任会计;完善奖惩制度,拓宽社会责任履行渠道。     

THE GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES: EVIDENCE FROM A UK EMPIRICAL STUDY

ABSTRACT:  The social enterprise sector in the UK is going through a period of rapid growth, and is being seen by government as another important vehicle for delivering public services. As a result the issue of public trust in social enterprise is of growing importance. While there is a growing literature on the governance of voluntary and non-profit organizations, with some exceptions (e.g. co-operatives) there has been little research on the governance challenges and support needs of social enterprises. The research reported here aimed to help fill that gap. Based on interviews and focus groups with governance advisers, board members and chief executives it explores the typical governance challenges faced by social enterprises. Based on the research the paper develops a new, empirically-grounded typology of social enterprises based on their origins and development path, and presents findings about some of the governance challenges that are common across the sector and some that are more distinctive to the different types of social enterprise.     

论企业行为对社会幸福的影响

改革开放以来,社会经济飞速发展,社会财富迅猛增加,人民生活水平也有了一定的提高。在这一背景下,虽然社会整体发展状况良好,社会成员的生活质量有了显著的提高,但是人们对于生活幸福度的感知及认同并不高,并表现出不同的状态。这有可能引发出各种社会问题。特别是对于工作待遇的担忧、食品安全的担心、生活环境的困扰,等等。因此,分析了企业行为对社会幸福的双重影响,并就这些影响做出了深入分析,提出了如何在企业行为与社会幸福之间建立起有机联系的思考。     

社会责任行为、制度环境与企业国际竞争力

企业国际竞争力是企业管理领域的热点话题,本文对于社会责任行为与企业国际竞争力的关系机理及制度环境调节效应展开研究.以我国A股上市公司2010—2019年数据为研究样本,实证分析社会责任行为对企业国际竞争力的动态影响.研究表明,社会责任信息披露对企业国际竞争力的影响存在时滞性,发布社会责任报告短期内对企业国际竞争力无明显影响,长期则可以提升企业国际竞争力;社会责任表现具有时效性,良好的社会责任绩效对于滞后一期的企业国际竞争力具有显著的提升效应;进一步研究发现,制度环境对于企业社会责任动态影响企业国际竞争力具有正向调节作用.研究结论对中国企业国际竞争力的培育和提高具有借鉴意义.     

The Liberation of American Politics from Economy

Thorstein Veblen's going concern theory of the business enterprise has been widely received by heterodox economists. Since Veblen's era, the capitalist social provisioning process has evolved toward money manager capitalism in a dialectical fashion. At the heart of the transformation are changes in the behavior of the business enterprise. In this paper, we make a threefold argument. First, while the going concern theory of the business enterprise is still important in the account of the economy as a continuing process of social provisioning, since a viable economy requires continuing business over historical time, more and more of the economy is being directed toward financial concerns. Second, as a consequence, the social provisioning process becomes more unstable and people's welfare becomes more vulnerable. Third, the concept of a going concern is, therefore, to be modified in order to put the business enterprise in the context of money manager capitalism.     

公共关系学教学改革浅谈

公共关系学是一门新兴的综合性社会科学,已被广泛应用于各个领域,对个人、企业、社会乃至整个国家都有非常重要的意义。经济社会的蓬勃发展,呼唤着高素质的公关人才。现在很多高校都开设了这门课程,但是在实际教学中,存在教学方法单一、学生学习积极性不高等现象,如何组织好教学、改进教学方法,是当前高校教师要解决的首要问题。因此,在总结公共关系学教学过程中存在的一些问题的基础上,针对实践教学提出改进建议。     

我国能源生物质供应物流面临的运营、战略与体制问题剖析

能源生物质资源开发具有极为重要的战略意义。但是,其产业效率的实现无法忽略供应物流的制约和影响。研究认为,当前我国的能源生物质供应体系及物流管理存在着三大层面的现实问题:(1)物流运作与竞争层面:企业实际运作中缺乏对生物质物流的战略性考虑;生物质原料替代用途广泛,供应稳定性差;物流成本失控,严重侵蚀利润;生物质收购和供应管理整体上较为粗放。(2)战略与决策层面:企业目标扭曲,动机不纯;在一些重大问题上静态机械的预测;前期调研中忽视人均指标;过于乐观的估计;对黑色化涉农(食品)供应链的威胁性认识不足。(3)物流环境与体制方面:国家生物质物流政策的缺失;生物质物流装备问题;社会物流不发达,生物质供应物流运筹的空间有限;政府审批不合理导致的设施布置失控及风险。当然,上述这些问题在生物质能产业的各个分支(如秸秆发电,沼气、燃料乙醇,生物柴油等)中的表现,则存在严重程度和内在机制上的差异性。     

浙江省小微企业创业基地模式及其有效性

从小微企业的发展现状及创业基地战略的重要性出发,研究了浙江省小微企业创业基地的"双加"孵化模式和"民营"运营模式。运用DEA方法,从综合效率、纯技术效率和规模效率的角度评价了浙江省21家国家级企业孵化器的运行效率。结果显示:21家孵化器的效率存在明显差异,其中DEA相对有效的孵化器达9家,总体运行效率情况良好,但还有一定的改进空间。最后,对创业基地建设提出了加大优惠政策力度、提高资源利用率、不断创新服务等改进措施。     

试论政府对引导规范企业承担社会责任的作用

与跨国公司相比，我国企业在履行社会责任方面仍存在一定差距，企业公民意识淡薄。应对跨国公司履行社会责任的动机和我国企业承担社会责任现状进行分析，构建企业社会责任的成本与收益关系模型，并借鉴国外成功经验探讨中国政府在企业履行社会责任中应发挥的重要作用。     

GROWTH AREAS,GROWTH CENTRES AND REGIONAL CONVERSION*

Five arguments in favour of a growth area strategy have been analysed and though all of them lack empirical substance, they have certain merits on a priori grounds. Thus any policy which contributes, on the long-run, to a more rapid concentration of a region's population into relatively large urban areas, is likely to create the conditions for servicing net and replacement demand for social/economic overhead capital at a low per capita cost. Moreover for a given subsidy cost, discriminatory investment in the dense, complex, urbanised areas of a region may maximise the flow of income to regional earners in the short-run: attract the maximum flow of exogenous enterprise and capital; and give the best chance of creating a new export base which reduces the regional balance-of-payments deficit and provides sufficient job-opportunities to restrain the flow out of the region of the economically active. In addition, the quality and content of shortterm regional planning may be improved if the mix and scheduling of public investment over time is given a rigorous spatial dimension. Thus, on all of these counts, there are convincing reasons for encouraging an especially rapid development of the relative large, dense interrelated urban areas and by contrast good reasons for a relative neglect of the small hinterland areas.     

The basic income guarantee and social economics

This article introduces the Review of Social Economy symposium on the basic income guarantee (BIG). It argues that there are several ways in which the BIG is consistent with social economics. First, the BIG is an attempt to meet the minimum material needs of US citizens and contribute to the common good. Second, important arguments for a BIG move beyond the positive-normative dichotomy. Finally, the BIG would help individuals function as social citizens.     

基于核心竞争力的物流企业创新研究

创新是形成物流企业核心竞争力的重要手段。面对激烈的市场竞争,物流企业只有通过持续不断的创新,培育出企业的核心竞争力,才能生存和发展。针对物流企业目前存在的管理理念落后、物流服务项目少、信息技术水平不高、组织机构不适应等问题,本文探讨了物流企业如何通过理念和制度创新、服务创新、技术创新、组织创新等形成企业的核心竞争力。物流企业应树立合作共赢理念,与客户合作、与其他物流企业合作;创新服务内容,为客户设计、开发个性化服务项目,注重服务质量,增加知识性服务;重视信息技术在物流领域的应用创新,重视物流装备技术创新;建立鼓励并奖励创新的组织形式和制度体系等。物流企业要获得创新成功必须将创新纳入物流企业的文化中,并选择最适合自己的创新方式。     

Innis Lecture: Universal early childhood interventions: what is the evidence base?

Abstract Universality is a hallmark of Canadian social policy for very young children. The evidence base for these policies is small, non‐experimental, and offers mixed results. In contrast, the evidence base for targeted early childhood interventions is largely experimental and offers strong guidance. Policy makers and advocates often cite the research on targeted programs in support of universal programs, although this is problematic for a number of reasons. Universal programs require a better understanding of the developmental trajectories of more advantaged children. Evidence from the NLSCY suggests there are some potentially important differences in the association of early and later childhood developmental outcomes by family economic resources.     

Religion in macroeconomics: a quantitative analysis of Weber’s thesis

Max Weber in 1905 claimed that Protestantism, and more specifically Calvinism, facilitated the rise of capitalism. This paper assesses the quantitative plausibility of his hypothesis by introducing religious beliefs into a dynamic general equilibrium model of development and growth. Through counterfactual exercises, the paper investigates whether differences between Catholics and Protestants most closely identified with the Protestant Work Ethic can account for long delays in the start of Industrialization observed between various countries and regions. The main finding is that these differences may possibly explain why Northern Europe developed before Southern Europe, but they cannot explain why Europe developed before Latin America.

Many of the tenets of Calvinism have had profound social implications–in particular, that thrift, industry, and hard work are forms of moral virtue and that business success is an evidence of God’s grace. Because these views helped to create a climate favorable to commerce, Calvinism played a role in the overthrow of feudalism and the establishment of capitalism. Microsoft Encarta

We thank Doug Gollin, Larry Neal, Richard Layton, as well as seminar participants at University of Wisconsin Madison and Vanderbilt University for their comments.     

塑造良好的企业形象

企业形象是顾客、社会公众、企业员工对企业的总体评价和认定,是企业文化的综合体现和外在反映。在市场经济条件下,企业形象已成为企业的一种无形资产,影响着企业的兴衰,国内一些知名企业,无不努力塑造良好的企业形象,从提高企业员工素质、提高服务水平、树立优良的产品形象、塑造良好的社会形象、传播形象、注重利用网络信息企业形象设计平台、运用公益广告来塑造自身形象、塑造企业文化,增强企业竞争力等方面努力。运用企业形象塑造这一丰富新时期有效手段来建设企业,以优异的企业形象力感召,才能使企业更适应国际经济发展的大趋势,更多地得到顾客的青睐。     

Microfinance at a Crossroads

In this essay, we summarize the main features of Yunus' economic thought and discuss whether it is possible to conclude, as seems straightforward according to Yunus (1997) , that microfinance is good for the poor and that it exemplifies a typical activity of social enterprise. To do this, we review some of the contents of the 2006 World Bank/Brookings Institution conference on microfinance as summarized by Barr et al. (2007) .     

社会资本:融入企业经济学分析框架的思考

社会资本作为第三种资本形式要融入企业经济学的分析框架,不仅应给出它的确切含义,还应区别它与人力资本及其组织资本之间的关系,而且更为重要的是应解决它从哪里分析、在那里运行的问题。笔者认为,企业的本质是团队生产,企业的团队生产不仅放大了对物质资本的利用,形成和累积了团队成员的个人型人力资本,而且还创造出了不能分解到个人身上的团队型人力资本。组织资本与个人型人力资本相关,社会资本则与团队型人力资本相联系。它们的相互作用共同构成了企业的团队生产方式及其效率来源。     

社会创业导向、跨界搜索与社会企业绩效：市场环境的调节作用

作为社会企业重要战略选择,社会创业导向能够促进跨界搜索以获取灵感和动力,从而推动社会企业双元绩效提升。因此,基于组织搜索理论,遵循“态度—行为—结果”研究范式,将市场环境引入社会企业创业导向、跨界搜索与社会企业双元绩效关系模型,基于问卷数据验证社会创业导向对社会企业双元绩效的作用机制及外部影响。结果表明：①社会创业导向对社会企业经济和社会绩效具有积极影响;②跨界搜索在社会创业导向与社会企业经济和社会绩效间起部分中介作用;③市场环境作为关键外部环境因素,正向调节社会创业导向与跨界搜索的关系以及跨界搜索与社会企业经济绩效的关系,负向调节跨界搜索与社会企业社会绩效的关系。因此,整个模型能够回答社会创业导向如何推动社会企业双元绩效增长问题。此外,市场环境的技术动态性和需求不确定性促使市场逻辑在社会企业跨界搜索行为中占据主导地位,因而社会企业需要高度重视自身使命和价值共创,促进经济效益和社会价值实现。