Transnational entrepreneurship: opportunity identification and venture creation

The present case study focuses on entrepreneurs who have migrated from one developed economy (Sweden or Finland) to another developed economy (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)). In contrast to the dominating understanding, we find that the transnational entrepreneurial incentives were opportunity driven rather than necessity based. The opportunity types identified varied, but indicate the importance of service opportunities, a type often left out of studies and classifications. A prevalent characteristic of transnational entrepreneurship is opportunity recognition based on introducing processes or products to the country of residence, familiar from the country of origin or based on use of the entrepreneurs’ contacts in the home country. This study showed, however, that although this was the case for two entrepreneurs, some identified opportunities for acting in the opposite direction, or did both import and export. Notably, there was also a fourth category, offering business-facilitating services, bridging differing cultural contexts in relationship-middlemen positions. For these entrepreneurs, there was thus no obvious “domestic market” from the start as assumed in traditional internationalization theories. Furthermore, although their businesses started on a limited scale between two countries, they quickly grew and entered other country markets. These transnational businesses thus represent forms of born globals not included in the high-tech business models often associated with such firms. Our findings finally lend support to arguments that a business-favorable institutional environment facilitates and encourages entrepreneurship.     

The extent and nature of opportunity identification by experienced entrepreneurs

Guided by insights from cognitive theories, this article explores the links between entrepreneurs' prior business ownership experience and their opportunity identification behavior. Hypotheses were tested using data from 630 entrepreneurs. Experienced entrepreneurs identified more opportunities and exploited more innovative opportunities with greater wealth creation potential. Entrepreneurs that had owned more than 4.5 businesses, however, identified fewer opportunities. The nature of prior business ownership experience also shaped opportunity identification behavior. An inverse U-shaped relationship was detected between the proportion of failed businesses relative to the number of businesses owned and the number of opportunities identified in a given period. Business failure experience was not associated with the innovativeness of exploited opportunities.     

Differences in international opportunity identification between native and immigrant entrepreneurs

The aim of this study is to understand more about how identification of international opportunities differs between native and immigrant entrepreneurs. Based on a survey of 116 immigrant and 864 native Norwegian entrepreneurs with newly registered firms, we show that immigrant entrepreneurs are more likely to identify international opportunities than native entrepreneurs are. We reveal important differences in the identification process between native and immigrant entrepreneurs. Whereas general human capital has a significant positive effect on international opportunity identification for native entrepreneurs, we cannot find the same effect among immigrant entrepreneurs. Moreover, although financial capital positively influences international opportunity identification among native entrepreneurs, the same effect is significantly negative among immigrant entrepreneurs. Based on these findings, we conclude that native and immigrant entrepreneurs do not utilise the same resources to identify international opportunities. This study contributes to the literature on international entrepreneurship by documenting significant differences in how native and immigrant entrepreneurs identify international opportunities. It also contributes to immigrant entrepreneurship literature by bringing the opportunity-based view of entrepreneurship into the field.     

The micro-foundation of ambidextrous opportunity identification in international expansion

This study builds upon social cognitive theory and the research on micro-foundations to elaborate on how, and under what conditions, multinational enterprises (MNEs) identify various international opportunities (e.g., ambidextrous and non-ambidextrous opportunities). Using a qualitative approach, this study develops a theoretical framework for explaining the international opportunity identification behaviour in the empirical context of Chinese MNEs. The findings establish cognitive mechanisms enabled by international management teams relevant to international opportunity identification and clarify the specific constituents of self-efficacy in the ambidextrous opportunity identification process. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of findings for the international business literature.     

Creativity in the opportunity identification process and the moderating effect of diversity of information

We employ two study designs for a more detailed examination of creativity in the opportunity identification process. We employ a correlational field study to test the hypothesis that divergent thinking affects venture growth through business idea generation. We use an experimental design to test the hypothesis that diversity of information moderates the effect of divergent thinking on business idea generation. Analyses based on 98 business owners across both study designs supported our hypotheses. Combining the findings from both designs points to boundary conditions of theories suggesting constraining information; this may weaken the indirect effect of divergent thinking on venture growth.     

把握机遇 逆势而上——电影频道的“专业化”之路

2008年,中央电视台充分把握北京奥运会召开等机遇,穷尽发挥优势资源,取得良好经营业绩。在央视的各个频道中,相比CCTV-1综合频道CCTV-5体育频道,电影频道可能并不占有收视的制高点。     

Just price and equal opportunity

The purpose of this paper is to investigate if just price could be given a precise and relevant definition. First, the historical background is sketched. Then a definition is formulated which is based on a gradual interpretation of possibility. The meaning of the definition is, that the buyer and the seller are given equal opportunity of reaching a justified standard of living.     

蓝海机遇

十年后城市和农村人口比例会反转过来,变成百分之四十农村人口,百分之六十城市人口,对广告传播是一个蓝海机遇。     

Market imperfections,opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship

This research develops the argument that four types of market imperfections (i.e., inefficient firms, externalities, flawed pricing mechanisms and information asymmetries) at once contribute to environmental degradation and that they also provide significant opportunities for the creation of radical technologies and innovative business models. We show that these opportunities establish the foundations for an emerging model of sustainable entrepreneurship, one which enables founders to obtain entrepreneurial rents while simultaneously improving local and global social and environmental conditions. To advance this new field, we offer suggestions for a research agenda focusing on two areas: the relationship between market imperfections and entrepreneurial opportunities, and the emerging field of sustainable entrepreneurship.     

Twitter的品牌战略：机遇和挑战

微博客网站Twitter以近似疯狂的增长速度吸引了媒体的眼球,当然,不可否认其中也有很大的炒作成分。就像那个被媒体号称为。Google杀手”的Wolframalpha,上线后却让人大失所望。如今,媒体又以同样的热情,吹捧Twitter为未来的“Facebook杀手”和“Google杀手”。     

东盟敞开商机

IEE随着中国-东盟自由贸易区的建设步伐的加快,东盟10国向中国企业敞开的商机越来越多。环境条件首先,CAFTA的启动为开拓东盟市场提供了有利的契机。CAFTA是世界上人口最多的自贸区,预计到2010年自贸区人口将达到17亿,GDP将达到2万亿美元,贸易额将达1.2万亿美元。其次,双方经济     

抓住关税、退税调整后的机遇

从2006年起,机械工业将面临一些新的情况和新的问题,这些情况和问题,将对机械工业发展产生较大影响。一、进口关税和出口退税政策有所调整 1．汽车行业进口关税进一步降低经国务院批准,我国海关总署于2005 年12月27日发布公告,对《中华人民共     

国际海事新标的挑战与机遇

作为一种全球认可、通用、可荤复使用的生产、产品或服务规则．国际标准正从消费者关注和生产者关注拓展到包括环境在内的社会关注．对节能、资源节约、环境保护、公共安全和健康等方面的技术要求越来越多地被制订成国际标准在全球推广。尽管大多数国际标准为自愿性标准．但由于其用户基础和国际社会认同的广泛性和网络性．这种自愿性标准往往成为事实上的强制性标准．并演变成产业技术垄断、产业进入壁垒和贸易技术壁垒．对国际贸易格局和产业分工格局产生了深远的影响。     

Regional characteristics,opportunity perception and entrepreneurial activities

This article seeks to better understand the link between regional characteristics and individual entrepreneurship. We combine individual-level Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data for Western Germany with regional-level data, using multilevel analysis to test our hypotheses. We find no direct link between regional knowledge creation, the economic context and an entrepreneurial culture on the one side and individual business start-up intentions and start-up activity on the other side. However, our findings point to the importance of an indirect effect of regional characteristics as knowledge creation, the economic context and an entrepreneurial culture have an effect on the individual perception of founding opportunities, which in turn predicted start-up intentions and activity.     

水市场:趁"危"夺"机"

目前世界上80%的成人疾病和50%的儿童死亡率都与饮用水的水质不良有关。在中国,近年来,水危机越来越受到人们的重视,节水已不能再等待,今年3月22日,"国家节水标志"正式揭牌。20年来,外资在中国水市场"风生水起",中国企业如能趁"危"夺"机",就能在水市场上开出一条新路。     

机会在等待创意

谈到“创意贬值”这个话题,不得不审视一下中国广告的行业现状。虽然有三十年的发展,但中国的广告依然处于行业定位不清晰和社会认可程度不高的状态,甚至是被歧视的一个行业。这是和中国目前以产品制造为主,服务业价值难以体现的状态相关的。在这样的前提下,希望以创意为核心竞争力的广告公司就没有了核心竞争力,创意的回报少得可怜,他们必须依附于其它资源或通过其它手段才能生存发展。创意并没有成为这个行业的主要特征。