税收累进性测度的改进：方法、比较和应用

提出判断税收累进性的边际效应方法：当总收入基尼系数的税收边际效应大于0时,该税收具有累进性特征;并将税收边际效应作为测度指数。边际效应指数与K指数具有完全相同的符号,不同税种具有可加性,它比K指数更为稳健,且赋予了税收累进性新的经济含义：税收对总收入基尼系数贡献率大于平均税率。同时还着重讨论几种测度税收累进性指数的关系,对各种测度指数进行了实证,发现S指数存在一定程度的缺陷。     

Optimal tax progressivity in imperfect labour markets

All modern labour market theories capable of explaining involuntary unemployment as an equilibrium phenomenon imply that increased income tax progressivity reduces unemployment, but they also imply that higher progressivity tends to reduce work effort and labour productivity. This suggests that there may be an optimal degree of tax progressivity where the marginal welfare gain from reduced involuntary unemployment is just offset by the marginal welfare loss from lower productivity. This paper sets up four different models of an imperfect labour market in order to identify the degree of tax progressivity which would maximise the welfare of the representative wage earner. Simulations with these models suggest that the optimal degree of tax progressivity could be quite large, although the results are sensitive to the generosity of unemployment benefits and to the after-tax wage elasticity of work effort.     

研发开发费用税前加计扣除鉴证存在的问题及解决对策

开展研发开发费用税前加计扣除鉴证是提高被鉴证人税法遵从性、维护纳税人合法权益的重要举措。由于研究开发费用税前加计抵扣所涉及的因素比较多,暴露出我国加计扣除鉴证工作还存在不少问题。因此,论文结合多年工作实践,以开展研究开发费用税前加计扣除鉴证的重要意义作为切入点,分析鉴证所存在的问题,最后提出相应的解决对策。     

Union wage setting and progressive income taxation with heterogeneous labor: theory and evidence from the German income tax reforms 1986–1990

This paper analyzes the effects of tax shifting in a model with union wage setting and progressive income taxation. The setup allows for different skill levels of the workforce and accounts for the union's distributional objective of income equality. The theoretical predictions of the model are empirically tested with a panel of German micro-data covering the period of the income tax reforms 1986–1990. It is shown that average taxes raise wages, whereas increasing the progressivity of the tax system reduces wages. The effect of progressivity on high-skilled labor tends to be less significant and smaller. Stronger preferences for equality compress the (pre-tax) wage distribution.     

The long run effects of changes in tax progressivity

This paper compares the steady-state outcomes of revenue-neutral changes to the progressivity of the tax schedule. Our economy features heterogeneous households who differ in their preferences and permanent labor productivities, but it does not have idiosyncratic risk. We find that increases in the progressivity of the tax schedule are associated with long-run distributions with greater aggregate income, wealth, and labor input. Average hours generally declines as the tax schedule becomes more progressive implying that the economy substitutes away from less-productive workers toward more-productive workers. Finally, as progressivity increases, income inequality is reduced and wealth inequality rises. Many of these results are qualitatively different than those found in models with idiosyncratic risk, and therefore suggest closer attention should be paid to modeling the insurance opportunities of households.     

Ambiguous effects of tax progressivity — theory and Danish evidence

Recent tax reforms in the OECD area have aimed at reducing the progressivity of labour income taxation by reducing marginal taxes for given average taxes. Theory has shown that this reduces employment/production when workers and firms determine wages through bargaining. This paper shows that an opposite effect arises when both wages and working hours are subject to bargaining. This may reverse the traditional result and this is especially likely if the bargaining power of workers is low and if labour supply is relatively elastic. In conclusion, the overall effect of a reduction in progressivity is ambiguous. The empirical estimates for Denmark indicate that the overall effect is negative for blue-collar workers and neutral for white-collar workers.     

Tax aggressiveness and idiosyncratic volatility

This study finds that aggressive tax strategies adopted by a firm affect idiosyncratic stock return volatility. Aggressive tax strategies, which I measure as tax paid by a firm divided by pretax income (adjusted for special items), are associated with higher levels of idiosyncratic stock volatility. Uncertainty associated with tax strategies may result due to several factors, such as penalties, fines, and additional tax payments if particular tax strategies are disallowed by taxation authorities, or if there are changes in tax rules. Such uncertainty affects the future cash flows of a firm and is reflected in more volatile stock returns. Financial constraints, corporate governance mechanisms, and information environments surrounding a firm influence the relation between idiosyncratic volatility and effective tax rates.     

EFFECT OF CROSS‐BORDER HEALTH CARE ON QUALITY AND PROGRESSIVITY OF FINANCING

In this study, we examine the effect of cross‐border health care in terms of public health insurance. We consider its effect on healthcare quality and progressivity of financing. We use a two‐country Hotelling model in which consumers are divided into two groups: high and low innate‐talent consumers. Aiming to maximize social welfare, governments impose a progressive income tax on consumers to provide healthcare services. Assuming that a payment scheme for healthcare services is based on diagnosis‐related group pricing, which has been adapted in many countries, we obtain the following results. The promotion of cross‐border health care does not influence healthcare quality or the progressivity of financing in patient‐importing countries, but does reduce healthcare quality and influence the progressivity of financing in patient‐exporting countries.     

The distributional implications of tax and transfer programs in US

The distributional consequences of changes in tax laws and transfer programs in the United States are studied. Using detailed household income data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) from 1981–91, income inequality is measured for both pretax/transfer and post-tax/transfer definitions of household income. A new statistical methodology for assessing the impact of changes in taxes and transfers on the size distribution of income is utilized. Confidence intervals are constructed for various measures of inequality, and hypothesis tests are conducted to determine whether observed changes in the distribution of income due to taxes and transfers are statistically significant. Using decomposable measures of inequality, the implications of type of tax table used are investigated.     

Environmental taxes,reforms and economic growth: an empirical analysis of panel data

This paper explores the relationship between environmentally related taxes and the economic growth rate. The analysis also investigates whether this relationship differs between countries that have implemented environmental tax reforms (ETRs) and those that have not. Using panel data from 31 OECD countries over the period 1994–2013, the paper finds that when we allow environmentally related tax revenues to interact with an initial level of real GDP per capita, the overall revenues of these taxes are negatively associated with the economic growth rate in the short and long term. Furthermore, we show that the higher the initial level of GDP per capita, the more environmentally related tax revenues can promote the economic growth rate. The analysis also reveals that the relationship between environmentally related tax revenues and economic growth varies between countries that have a mechanism to redistribute environmentally related tax revenues and those that do not.     

EVALUATING IMPACT EFFECTS OF TAX REFORMS

Abstract. This survey paper provides coverage of the inputs from the theory side which go into the empirical analysis of impact effects of tax reforms. Inequality, social welfare, progressivity and horizontal inequity effects are considered. The value judgements inherent in selecting the target group for analysis, specifying welfare through household utility, equivalizing incomes and otherwise incorporating differences in household needs into utilitarian analysis, are all explained. The evaluation procedures described include dominance checks and index comparisons. The inequality and social welfare tests are also applicable to other comparisons of income distribution. Standard computer software to sort, cumulate and compute covariances is all that is required to undertake the necessary computations using microdata.     

Climate Change Policies and Tax Recycling Schemes: Simulations with a Dynamic General Equilibrium Model of the Italian Economy

A dynamic general equilibrium model of the Italian economy is used to assess the impact of carbon taxation (or auctioned carbon permits), where additional revenue is used to cut either existing taxes on labor or on capital income. Simulation results do not support the existence of the so-called "double dividend" when labor taxes are reduced, whereas lower tax rates on capital have mild positive effects on growth and welfare, with progressivity properties on income distribution. These findings hinge on the assumptions of open economy, given world interest rate, and capital mobility.     

中国横向税收竞争如何影响雾霾污染——基于环保支出中介效应的研究

分税制改革以来,省级政府间税收竞争激化带来的环境污染问题正在逐步凸现。在此背景下,首先从理论层面分析了税收竞争、环保支出及雾霾污染的关系,并提出假说;其次建立空间杜宾模型测度了税收竞争对雾霾污染的直接效应、间接效应和总效应,并利用中介效应方法实证检验了税收竞争通过环保支出对雾霾污染的作用路径。研究结果表明,税收竞争显著加剧了本地区雾霾污染,但是其间接效应和总效应并不显著;此外,环保支出是税收竞争影响雾霾污染的一个主要中介变量。     

An Analysis of Differences in Earnings Between Small and Large Commercial Banks

This paper introduces a simple, yet rich, measure of efficiency changes based on the revenue-generating-ability (RGA) principle. Using this principle, we explain the connections between efficiency changes and the variables, such as pretax profits, interest expense, non-interest expense, profit margins, loan loss provision, and asset quality. These connections are used to explain earnings differences between small and large commercial banks.     

Trust breeds trust: How taxpayers are treated

Tax compliance has been studied in economics by analysing the individual decision of a representative person between paying and evading taxes. A neglected aspect of tax compliance is the interaction of taxpayers and tax authorities. The relationship between the two actors can be understood as an implicit or “psychological” contract. Studies on tax evasion in Switzerland show that the more strongly the political participation rights are developed, the more important this contract is, and the higher tax morale is. In this paper, empirical evidence based on a survey of tax authorities of the 26 Swiss states (cantons) is presented, indicating that the differences in the treatment of taxpayers by tax authorities can be explained by differences in political participation rights as well. Received: June 2000 / accepted: November 2000     

A Scheme to Determine Tax Rates Fairly and Quantitatively

A bstract .   This article discusses a scheme to quantitatively determine a personal income tax rate structure based on the principle of democratic voting. Previous attempts to apply the majority voting rule largely call for voting on predetermined tax positions. In the approach presented here, each taxpayer proposes an egocentric rate system encompassing his or her own obligation as well as all other taxpayers' under generally accepted constraints. The egocentric rate systems proposed by all taxpayers are weight-averaged to determine the actual tax obligation for all taxpayers. The weights used for the average are in general proportional to the tax contribution. The rate structure can be quantitatively determined from solving simultaneous equations if the weights are predetermined. Although there are an infinite number of choices for the weights, it is argued that the "fair" manner of averaging ranges from equal representation by all taxpayers to equal representation by all tax contributions. An appropriate rate structure should be a linear combination of the tax rates derived from the two limiting scenarios. Alternative egocentric voting schemes under equal representation by all taxpayers are also discussed. While these alternative schemes are politically more acceptable, measures need to be taken to counterbalance the confiscating nature desired by the majority of the voters. Such measures may marginalize the democratic voting process and produce rate structures less progressive than those assuming equal representation of tax contributions. Although the method discussed here allows flexibility on the marginal rate progressivity, it sets the high limit that the lowest and highest income classes ought to pay.     

社会责任表现、报告披露意愿与税收激进度——基于A股上市公司的实证研究

基于2011—2015年A股上市公司的数据,对社会责任表现与税收激进度的关系进行研究,实证结果表明：社会责任表现越好的公司,其税收激进水平越低,并且披露意愿会对社会责任表现与税收激进度之间的关系产生影响,社会责任表现与税收激进度的负相关关系在应规披露社会责任信息的企业中更加明显。然而,拓展性检验发现,最终控制人性质对社会责任表现与税收激进度之间的关系并没有产生显著影响。因此,提高社会责任表现对税收激进度的约束作用,需要强化对自愿披露社会责任报告企业的监督。     

独立董事、税收激进与融资约束

在代理理论框架下,研究税收激进对企业融资约束产生的影响,并根据独立董事的双重职能分析独立董事对两者关系的影响。研究结果表明:税收激进整体上与企业融资约束存在正相关关系,即税收激进行为会导致企业融资约束程度提高,但适度的税收筹划有助于降低企业融资约束程度,激进的避税行为则会增加企业的融资约束;独立董事监督和咨询职能的发挥有助于降低企业税收激进程度,并能够通过降低代理冲突和信息不对称程度来减弱税收激进与融资约束之间的正向关系。     

论融资约束对税收优惠与企业研发投资关系的影响——基于创业板的实证分析

在减税降费政策不断深入的当下,创新驱动发展战略也稳步前行,且以扶持企业创新活动为主,而不同的融资约束程度对税收优惠与研发投资关系的影响存在差异。本文选取了我国创业板公司2014-2019年的相关数据,实证检验税收优惠与企业研发投资的关系,并引入融资约束作为调节变量,检验其对二者关系影响的异质性。结果表明:税收优惠对企业研发投资的激励作用是显著的;而融资约束具有调节作用,无论是从内源融资约束角度还是从债务融资约束角度来看,都显示融资约束程度较小时,这种激励作用更显著。本文充实了税收优惠与研发投资关系研究的相关理论,并且引入融资约束变量,丰富了其调节效应的研究。     

基于协作模式的税收与会计关系分析

研究分析会计制度与税收法规之间的差异与协作,在市场经济体制下具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文通过对会计制度与税收法规之间的基本关系、税会模式,以及会计制度与税收法规之间的原因差异和目标差异进行阐述,针对会计制度与税收法规,提出相应的协作思路,进而在一定程度上为会计制度与税收法规之间的协作与发展提供参考依据。