Collateral fluctuations in a monetary economy

This paper studies economy-wide fluctuations that occur endogenously in the presence of monetary and real assets. Using a standard monetary search model, we consider an economy in which agents can increase consumption, over and above what their liquid monetary asset holdings would allow, pledging real assets as collateral for monetary loans. It is shown that, if the liquidation value of real assets is below full market value, a stable cyclical equilibrium can emerge in consumption and capital around the unstable steady state. We also provide conditions for the existence of cycles of higher order, chaos and sunspot equilibria.     

Excess demand functions when new assets are introduced

We demonstrate that information on the aggregate excess demand function of an incomplete real asset market economy is not helpful toward predicting the equilibrium of a new economy to which unredundant assets are added. An innovation of assets can completely change the aggregate excess demand functions.     

REAL BALANCES, RELATIVE PRICES AND AN OPEN MODEL TEMPORARY EQUILIBRIUM WITH RATIONING THE MARSHALL-LERNER CONDITIONS IN

The model is of an open economy producing a single output, the demand for which depends on its price, the price of foreign output, real incomes and government spending. We thereby extend the rationed equilibrium model of Malinvaud to the simplest open economy. Residents hold foreign assets as well as domestic assets, hence exchange rate movements have real balance effects as well as relative price effects. The Marshall Lerner conditions are sufficient, but not necessary, for either an exchange rate depreciation or a fall in the domestic price level, to increase demand for domestic output. They are necessary, but not sufficient, for a depreciation or fall in the domestic price level, to improve the trade balance under Keynesian Unemployment.     

Regulating collateral-requirements when markets are incomplete

In this paper we examine the effects of default and collateral on risk sharing. We assume that there is a large set of assets which all promise a risk less payoff but which distinguish themselves by their collateral requirements. In equilibrium agents default, the assets have different payoffs, and there are as many linearly independent assets available for trade as there are states of the world. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibria to be Pareto-efficient in the presence of uncertainty. We explore some examples for which the collateral equilibrium allocation is identical to the Arrow–Debreu allocation, either when agents have a high preference for the durable good, or when the endowment distribution of the durable good is relatively homogeneous. We examine a series of examples to understand which collateral-levels prevail in equilibrium and under which conditions there is scope for regulating margin-requirements, that is, restricting the sets of tradable assets through government intervention. In these examples equilibrium is always sub-optimal but regulation never leads to a Pareto-improvement. While the competitive equilibria are constrained efficient, there do exist regulations which make large groups of agents in the economy better off. These regulations typically restrict all trades to take place in the low-collateral loans and benefit the poor and the rich agents in the economy through their effects on the equilibrium interest rate and the equilibrium prices of the durable goods.     

Financial intermediation with credit constrained agents

This paper studies the effects of financial intermediation on aggregate levels and the distribution of resources in an economy with credit-constrained heterogeneous agents and occupational choice. Whether an agent becomes an entrepreneur depends on a realized entrepreneurial ability and accumulated assets needed to finance a business project with uncertain returns. I compare a steady state of an economy with financial intermediation to an economy in which entrepreneurs must finance their projects only from their savings. The simulated economy with financial intermediation matches well the US data on the distribution of occupations and resources. The steady state welfare and efficiency gains from financial intermediation are large.     

中国金融资产结构演进:1991—2007

1996年本文第一作者曾分析了以间接融资为主的中国金融资产结构给经济带来的一系列问题。经过十余年的金融改革,中国的金融资产结构是否有所改善?目前中国的金融资产结构是否能适应并促进中国经济的发展?本文以中国货币市场和资本市场发展为主线,在重新度量中国金融资产总量的基础上,对以上问题进行了讨论。本文研究表明,在金融改革过程中,中国金融资产结构有了明显改善,但也产生了一些新问题,需要继续完善货币市场和资本市场,以促进金融资产结构调整。未来十年,我国金融市场发展的最佳路径是市场的双向开放。     

A test of the permanent income hypothesis on Czech voucher privatization

In 1992 the Czech Republic privatized state assets, which resulted in some citizens receiving an unexpected windfall. Whether the windfall was consumed or saved provides a clear test of the permanent income hypothesis in a transitional economy. Analysis of data from a survey conducted specifically to test this hypothesis indicates that only a small number of transferred assets were consumed, a finding which is consistent with the permanent income hypothesis. JEL classification: D31, E21, H24.     

独立董事与上市公司博弈的经济学分析

文章通过模型分析独立董事与上市公司的博弈,指出独立董事制度存在的基本问题是独立董事在行使监督职能的时候,有可能被上市公司解雇。根据这种情况,文章提出通过法律、大股东、外部接管市场和独立董事激励等手段约束经营者的行为和激发独立董事监督的动力,并结合中国实际,进一步从理论和实证方面进行了分析。     

中国社会总资产规模与结构变动分析

我国社会总资产连年保持平稳增长态势,其特征是各种经济成分共同发展,公有制经济仍占绝对数量优势。为完善社会总资产增长结构,应进一步加大国有经济结构调整力度,建立健全企业的社会资本吸纳机制,改善国家资金的投入方式,改善国有经济的发展环境。     

Risk sharing and retrading in incomplete markets

At a competitive equilibrium of an incomplete-markets economy agents’ marginal valuations for the tradable assets are equalized ex-ante. We characterize the finest partition of the state space conditional on which this equality holds for any economy. This leads naturally to a necessary and sufficient condition on information that would induce agents to retrade, if such information was to become publicly available after the initial round of trade.     

美国信息固定资产投资、研究开发与能源效率分析

提高能源效率是保障国家安全和经济可持续增长的必要条件。本文从信息固定资产投资、研究开发和能源三者间的关系出发,研究实现能源效率提高的途径。在美国数据基础上所建立的模型和模拟研究表明,信息固定资产投资与科技投入相结合是提高能源效率的有效途径,并且二者共同作用对能源效率提高产生了倍增的效果。     

新时期新国企的新改革思路*——国有企业分类改革的逻辑、路径与实施

社会主义市场经济体制的性质决定了国有经济与民营经济不应是相互排斥的,而是可以共同发展的,关键是确认它们在各自适宜发展的领域发挥作用。本文从产品性质及行业特性两个维度来客观制定功能导向的分类方法,以此来对不同类型的国有企业选择不同的改革模式。即提供公共产品的国有企业宜选择国有国营模式,垄断性国有企业宜选择国有国控模式,竞争性国有企业一部分宜进行产权多元化的股份制改造,一部分宜实行民营化。在分类改革原则下推进国有企业的混合所有制改革,在公共产品领域推进“长期导向”下的混合,在自然垄断领域推进“控制权导向”下的混合,在竞争性领域推进“流动性导向”下的混合,同时构建与国企分类改革战略相适应的国有资产监管体制。在利益相关者合作逻辑下,分类分层推进国有企业治理结构的创新,并分类构建国有企业经营者的激励机制。     

Income Taxation Rules and Stability of a Small Open Economy

This paper examines the stability of a small open economy under alternative income taxation rules. Using a one-sector real business cycle model with external increasing returns, we show that if the income tax schedule is linear, the small open economy will not generate equilibrium indeterminacy, but it exhibits a diverging behavior under certain conditions. In this case, an appropriate choice of nonlinear tax on the factor income may recover the saddle-point stability. We also reveal that if the taxation on the interest income on financial assets is regressive, then the small open economy may exhibit equilibrium indeterminacy. In this situation, a progressive tax rule on the interest income can contribute to eliminating sunspot-driven fluctuations.     

Government expenditure,external and domestic public debt,and economic growth

This paper analyzes the relationship between government expenditure, tax on returns to assets, public debt, and growth in an endogenous growth model. Public debt is composed of two components, domestic debt and external debt. We show conditions for existence, uniqueness, and multiplicity of the steady states. More precisely, existence of steady state requires a sufficiently high productivity and a sufficiently low tax on returns to assets. We also provide the effects of an increase in the tax rate on returns to assets on the steady state. In particular, the relation between public spending and the tax rate has a bell shape. Domestic debt unambiguously increases with tax whereas external debt displays an inverted U‐shaped curve. A high tax rate leads to a reallocation of public debt in favor of domestic debt (to the detriment of external debt). The effect of taxation on consumption (and production) also displays a nonlinear pattern when the output elasticity of capital is lower than unity (the effect is monotonously increasing if this elasticity is unity). We also derive the conditions under which a tax increase can boost or reduce the balanced growth rate.     

关于“国有股减持”理论的若干缺陷

本文反思了从经济理论角度，探讨了国有股减持为何一度呼声很高，后来却在现实中遭遇严重挫折而被迫停止，分析了关于国有股减持的主要流行理论，如国有股“一股独大”和“全流通”理论，存在哪些缺陷并导致了同原设想相反的实践后果，未能筹集社会保障资金反而导致不稳定。本文指出依靠一次性出售国有资产，难以成为社会保障资金的长期来源，阿根廷、俄罗斯私有化加速了社会保障体系瓦解。本文还论述了中国证券市场的改革方向，怎样借鉴美国股市、公司丑闻的教训，防止泡沫投机危害促进股市稳定发展，还提出了建立国有股流通稳定基金的政策设想，主要应按经济规律促进国有股的适度流通，实现有进有出的国有资产结构优化调整。     

Bank capital,the state contingency of banks’ assets and its role for the transmission of shocks

I show how the evolution of bank capital depends on the share of non-state-contingent assets in banks’ balance sheets and present the implications for macroeconomic dynamics. State-contingent securities impact on banks’ balance sheets through changes in their returns (and their prices), both of which depend on the current state of the economy. Non-state-contingent assets are signed before shocks are realized and their repayment is guaranteed. For this reason, they insulate banks’ balance sheets from recent economic activity in the absence of defaults. Non-state-contingent assets in banks’ balance sheets attenuate the amplification of shocks resulting from financial frictions. The same effect can be achieved if more weight is placed on the state-contingent assets in the equity related constraint against the costs of long-run output losses.     

财富的国际转移与美国高消费时代的调整——基于国际资产负债结构的分析

美元的霸权地位以及美国特殊的国际资产负债结构为美国攫取巨额国际转移财富提供了条件。另外,美国国际资产负债结构特征也表明,在全球实体经济失衡的同时,全球虚拟经济层面同样存在失衡,这种"双重失衡"的局面为全球经济调整增加了困难。据此类推,这次危机不仅打击了美国的商业银行以及其他金融机构,也打击了美国的货币霸权。国际货币地位的争夺将更加激烈,国际货币合作将更加困难。美国通过价值渠道获得国际转移财富的持续性也将受到冲击,因此美国的高消费时代将难逃调整的厄运。     

价值理论的困境、出路及创新研究——广义虚拟经济理论关于价值的主要观点

传统价值理论面临对"新经济"解释力、引导力、指导力不足的困境,价值研究的出路在于回到马克思关于生活对象化才是人类活动的最一般图示,劳动对象化只是生活对象化的一个组成部分的科学论断,重新梳理和确立人本立场、关系立场和历史立场.广义虚拟经济理论是对"新经济"条件下价值规律的创新研究,生活价值论、二元价值容介态经济以及新的"...     

Real assets, financial assets, liquidity and the lemon problem

Return obtained by diversification is based on average quality. Similarly, under asymmetric information, the price at which an asset can be sold reflects the average quality of assets. Therefore, 4under some conditions, sale of an asset under asymmetric information is a useful alternative to diversification. This idea is developed with a model that incorporates a liquidity shock. One key result is that investment in real assets is higher under asymmetric information than under symmetric information. The model can explain why the ratio of real assets to financial assets is higher in emerging economies than in developed countries.     

我国国有企业特殊社会责任研究

国有企业具有与一般企业不同的特殊社会责任,这根源于社会主义市场经济体制下国有经济功能的要求,国有经济的功能决定了国有企业的特殊社会责任。在一般市场经济,计划经济,社会主义市场经济三种条件下国有经济具有各自不同的功能,社会主义市场经济条件下国有经济的功能,决定了中国国有企业既具有一般企业的社会责任又具有特殊的社会责任。中国国有企业的特殊社会责任主要体现在八个方面。