Private Property and Economic Calculation: A Reply to Andy Denis

Two years ago, in an article in this journal, Andy Denis revisited and added to the Socialist Calculation Debate, one of the 20th century’s greatest debates in economic theory. Denis argued that Austrian economists draw unsupported conclusions from their argument in claiming that private rather than several property is necessary for economic calculation. We note in this article that Denis’ argument rests on two key points: first, that the legal owners of capital, or the capitalists, play a purely passive role in the resource allocation process, and, second, that it is the managers who bear the entire burden of speculative decision making and economic calculation. We then proceed to criticize both points. Key to our argument is the fundamental insight of Austrian economics that the market is an open-ended process of discovery, coordination and value creation, where resource ownership and allocation is impossible to sever from entrepreneurship due to the inherent uncertainty of the future. We argue that, from the Austrian market process perspective, economic calculation indeed requires private property, and not simply several control, because entrepreneurship under competitive discovery must be subject to both the lure of profit and the risk of loss.     

Moving Beyond the Masculine Neoclassical Classroom

In addition to critiques of the content and methodology of neoclassical economics, feminist economists have also offered constructive reflections on the way economics is taught. The "Voluntary Economics Content Standards for PreCollege Economics Education," developed in 1997 by the U.S. National Council of Economic Education, present yet another challenge to feminist economic educators. In this paper, we first review general methods for challenging and expanding these standards. Next, we select a specific content standard and explore how it might be reworked to reflect more accurately feminist economic scholarship and pedagogy. This reformulation of the standard will help broaden the pedagogy and content that are both implicit and explicit in all of the standards, allowing for a more inclusive classroom.     

并购中主并公司的可预测性——基于交易成本视角的研究

本文将交易成本划分为显性交易成本和隐性交易成本,认为主并公司进行并购的目的是为了节约显性和隐性交易成本。在此基础上,我们以2003年发生并购的上市公司为样本,采用因子分析法和Logistic回归建立了主并公司的预测模型,发现资产专用性越强,显性交易成本越高,公司发生并购的可能性越大;中间产品市场的不确定性越高,显性交易成本越高,公司发生并购的可能性越大;公司的成长能力越强,成长能力与盈利能力之间的不平衡程度越高,隐性交易成本越高,公司发生并购的可能性越大。     

Realism,Regularities, and Prediction

Problems are identified with the transcendental argument that Lawson uses to make a case for realism in economics: this argument relies heavily upon an unproblematized conception of Free Will. Lawson's substantive conclusions are not vitiated, but the argument presented here suggests that he underestimates the role of regularities and prediction in economics.     

关于绿色经济学的几个问题

绿色经济学是在对传统经济学反思与批判的基础上,整合相关绿色理论资源、适应绿色经济实践而发展起来的经济学学科,是经济学内部逐渐发展起来的新因素和新需求,也是重建经济学理论的新思路和新尝试。绿色经济学已在学科涵义、研究对象、基本预设、理论体系和学科体系等方面进行了探索,同时亟待从学科建设角度,对绿色经济学的研究视角、参照标准、分析工具和"成本—效益"模式等问题进行深入研究。绿色经济学将成为推动经济发展、实现社会公平、促进环境优化、推进社会进步的重要力量,对当下我国转变发展方式、实现科学发展有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

Economics for substantive democracy

In this paper, I sustain that the discourse of economics has become one of the most substantial contributors to the erosion of the democratic ideal. The first argument used in this case against economics concerns its attempt to be considered a neo-naturalistic science; the second, the fact that economics considers democracy contradictory to the expression of its scientific rationality and; the third, the fact that economics crowds out people from decision-making processes by pushing them into the hands of experts. Because partisan political programmes have essentially become economic programmes, economics should contribute to substantive democracy. In order to do so, an alternative discourse to mainstream economics must be proposed. An economics favourable to substantive democracy should, thereby, be political rather than naturalistic, pluralist rather than monist and, instead of crowding out people from decisions processes, should aim at the co-production of economic knowledge with those concerned by the outcome of economic decisions.     

技术经济学的教学模式创新研究

技术经济学作为应用经济学的分支，是实践性很强的一门学科，也是经济管理类本科专业的核心课程。其主要任务是从经济角度对具体工程项目、技术方案进行分析评价，为投资决策提供科学依据，最大程度地避免投资风险和提高经济效益。目前，我院经济专业、市场营销专业、工商管理以及信息系统和信息管理专业开设了技术经济学课程，本文对现有的技术经济学教学模式进行了改革创新，认为应结合学生的特点合理安排教学内容，通过例题、案例以及上机操作提升学生的实践能力，提高教学效果。     

Building Bridges Between Structural and Program Evaluation Approaches to Evaluating Policy

This paper compares the structural approach to economic policy analysis with the program evaluation approach. It offers a third way to do policy analysis that combines the best features of both approaches. We illustrate the value of this alternative approach by making the implicit economics of LATE explicit, thereby extending the interpretability and range of policy questions that LATE can answer.     

Pluralism and heterodoxy in economic methodology

Economists work within models that are simplified depictions of reality. An argument for a pluralistic understanding of economics is that different approaches lend insight by looking at different phenomena from different viewpoints. While all economists can benefit from taking a pluralistic approach to understanding economics, Austrian school economists must be more pluralistic in their understanding and presentation of ideas than mainstream economists if they want their ideas to have an impact on mainstream economics. Despite the argument for a pluralistic understanding of economics, in research, as in other activities, specialization increases productivity. While Austrian school economists can benefit from taking a pluralistic approach to understanding economics, they are likely to be most productive in their research by specializing in the development of Austrian school methods and ideas.     

案例研究的5种范式及其选择

近年来兴起的混合研究法为案例研究者提供了新思路,案例研究也因此拥有了更多可供选择的研究范式。现有研究尚未梳理这些范式,也未找出其来源,更不可能告诉案例研究者如何选用这些范式。系统梳理案例研究相关文献,以方法论属性与资料搜集方式为依据,划分得到文献计量、文献荟萃分析、实地观察与访谈、问卷调查、混合研究5种案例研究范式。随后,归纳得到每种范式的12个研究步骤及各种范式之间的内在关联。最后,从案例研究者出发,归纳了案例研究选择过程。主张从案例研究者出发,通过匹配案例研究范式与限制性因素以及评价研究结果并通过反馈环节来改进案例研究选择过程。解决了案例研究者可以选择哪些研究范式以及如何选择的问题,为案例研究者选用规范、科学与适合自身的研究范式提供了一定的借鉴。     

知识与信息:学习成本与交易成本

对文献梳理和分析的结果显示:随着对知识和信息认识的深入,交易成本理论不足以解释知识转移过程中所发生的成本问题;不管是隐性知识,还是显性知识,都不等同于信息;知识的获取过程是一个学习过程,既需要耗费时间,也需要消耗资源,从而构成学习成本。交易成本理论以信息不对称假设替代了新古典经济学的知识与信息均匀分布假设,并引发了所谓的"信息范式";而在知识不对称且信息不对称假设下所探讨的学习成本概念,则意味着对隐性知识显性化、SECI模型、企业核心能力、战略联盟、产业集群以及国际间技术转移组织形式等问题的研究,将拥有一个逻辑一致的经济学基础。     

Whither Monetary Economics?

I argue that monetary economics should be pursued by applying implementation theory to models which contain explicit frictions that make money essential. The argument has two parts. First, I argue that models in which real balances are assumed to be productive—models with money in utility or production functions or with cash-in-advance constraints—contain hidden inconsistencies. Second, I argue that the approach advocated is capable of providing new insights about some of the main issues in monetary economics: the effects of monetary shocks, the welfare cost of inflation, and the roles of inside and outside money.     

多维邻近性对校企创新合作绩效的影响研究

在百年未有之大变局的时代背景下,加强校企创新合作、促进科技成果转化是提升国家创新实力、促进国家科技变革的关键。然而,总体上看中国校企创新合作绩效不容乐观,如何提升其整体绩效也就成了亟需解决的问题。多维邻近性作为衡量校企创新合作绩效的常用前置因素,其影响关系也在不断随外界环境的变化而变化。因而文章在理论分析及案例调研的基础上,构建了多维邻近性的内涵维度以及对校企创新合作绩效的影响关系模型,并通过问卷调查等方法结合结构方程对概念模型进行探索验证。结果表明：认知、技术及关系邻近性通过合作信任度和合作依赖度两个中介正向影响校企创新合作绩效,地理邻近性的作用在下降,政府引导支持和技术中介服务在两者之间起的调节作用互补且显著。     

On a fallacy in the Kaldor–Hicks efficiency–equity analysis

This paper shows that implicit assumptions about the numeraire good in the Kaldor–Hicks efficiency–equity analysis involve a “same-yardstick” fallacy (a fallacy pointed out by Paul Samuelson in another context). These results have negative implications for cost-benefit analysis, the wealth-maximization approach to law and economics, and other parts of applied welfare economics—as well as for the whole vision of economics based on the “production and distribution of social wealth”.     

Distributional Comparisons Using the Gini Inequality Measure

This article is aimed at undergraduate and graduate economics students, as well as public sector economists, who are interested in inequality measurement. It examines the use of the Gini inequality measure to compare income distributions. The implicit distributional value judgements are made explicit, via the use of a particular form of Social Welfare Function. Emphasis is given to the interpretation of changes in inequality.     

Influencing the perception of what and who is important in ecological economics

In a recent article using citation analysis Hoepner et al. (2012) make strong claims to have identified the most influential works, authors, journals and institutions in a hypothetical field they call environmental and ecological economics. This paper shows that their work is biased by its framing, far from the non-subjective approach they claim and highly sensitive to minor data errors. More than this the exercise can be seen as another example of how ecological economics is susceptible to suppression by a dominant mainstream economic perspective which attempts to override, belittle and dismiss a whole range of alternative thought, including that which is heterodox, interdisciplinary, from the natural sciences and based in the non-economic social sciences. Ecological economics is not the same as agricultural, resource or environmental economics, and if it were it would be pointless. Neither can it be understood or treated as a subfield of resource and environmental economics, as done by Hoepner et al. (2012). I argue that the study promotes a limited perspective on social, environmental and economic problems that includes an implicit political and ideological framing. What is most influential, important or high quality in ecological economics is certainly not defined by such work.     

Radical innovations as drivers of breakthroughs: characteristics and properties of the management of technology leading to superior organisational performance in the discovery process of R&D labs

An interesting problem in management of technology and economics of innovation is how to explain the sources of some breakthroughs in research organisations. The present study confronts this problem by analysing the main determinant of the discovery of quasi-periodic materials that has generated a scientific paradigm shift in crystallography. The inductive study shows that radical innovations adopted in research labs, used by high-skilled adopters (called lab-oriented radical innovations; e.g. the Transmission Electron Microscopy), support breakthroughs and enhance discovery processes. This evidence substantiates a theoretical framework, which explains the main relations, characteristics, and properties of lab-oriented radical innovations that improve discovery processes and induce the superior organisational performance in advanced scientific fields. R&D management implications are discussed.     

控制权收益作为国有控股公司高管激励的影响因素研究

本文将控制权收益分解为隐性收益和显性收益。结果表明,显性收益占控制权收益的9％左右,隐性收益仍是我国上市公司高管的首要激励因素。研究还显示,隐性收益和控制权收益与企业规模和经营绩效呈显著的负相关,与第一大股东控股比例呈显著的正相关。而显性收益与企业规模和经营绩效呈显著的正相关,与第一大股东控股比例呈显著的负相关;隐性收益还与公司资产负债率呈显著的负相关。最后,提出将自我隐形激励转变成市场显性激励的政策建议。     

工资合约、灰色收入和职业生涯考虑

该文用一个简单的两期动态模型分析年薪制下的显性激励和隐性激励.该文明确引入灰色收入作为企业经营者收入的一部分,定义广义的职业生涯考虑,同时,放弃了完全竞争市场的假设.通过对现行年薪制下经理考虑灰色收入时显性激励和隐性激励的共同作用的分析,该文解释了如下经济现象:虽然现行的年薪制引入了显性的工资合约,但并不一定使得经理的努力程度提高,而且也不能解决灰色收入问题.     

Economists,social reformers,and prophets: a feminist critique of economic efficiency

This article examines the concept of Pareto optimality, bringing to light some of its implicit assumptions about the nature of human agency, work, and gender. It explores the androcentric character of the economic agent and the gendered nature of neoclassical models in relation to the historical development of the concept of economic efficiency during the late 1930s. The thrust toward the development of Pareto optimality as a scientific criterion of economic welfare was a response to the methodological tensions between the clearly political nature of economics and the scientific aspirations of economists. An examination of the debates from this period illuminates some of the values that became embedded in neoclassical economics, and which are now hidden by the masks of mathematics and abstraction.