India's Trade Policy Reforms and Industry Competitiveness in the 1980s

The paper proposes a method of measuring and analyzing competitiveness, and applies it to Indian manufacturing data of 1980/81, 1987/88 and 1991/92. The method consists of computing a unit cost ration and breaking it down into various components, ditinguishing between comparative advantage measured at shadow prices, and competitive advantage measured at market prices. The difference, equal to the sum of all price ditortions, may enhance or diminish competitiveness, depending on whether the distortions are cost‐increasing or ‐decreasing. The study reviews first the limited trade reforms of the 1980s and examines whether they have led to increased competitiveness. Although the present study is limited to less than the full potential of the method, due to lack of adequate data, it demonstrates, that the policy changes of the 1980s have failed to enhance the competitiveness of the industrial sector as a whole, while some industries have undergone substantive changes. In three industry case studies the results are compared with the findings of earlir studies.     

我国对外贸易政策与环境政策的协调——基于世贸组织规则的研究

贸易与环境之间的影响及协调问题,为国际社会所关注,并已成为世贸组织多边谈判的主要议题。作为世贸组织成员国,我国在对外贸易和环境保护方面已经取得了很大的成就,但二者在政策之间还缺乏进一步的协调与联系。因此,设立专门协调机构,以世贸组织有关贸易与环境规则为依据,进一步完善对外贸易政策,加强环境保护方面的立法,强化环境国际标准的管理并积极参与国际贸易和环境保护方面的国际合作,是协调我国对外贸易政策与环境政策的有效途径。     

Malaysian Trade Policy and the 2001 WTO Trade Policy Review

The purpose of this paper is two–fold; to examine developments in trade and investment policy regimes in Malaysia following the on–set of the financial crisis, using the Trade Policy Review Malaysia: 2001 of the WTO as a reference point; and to evaluate the Review in terms of the objectives of the WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism as set out in the Marrakesh Agreement. It is found that, by and large Malaysia has managed to come out of the crisis without compromising on its long–standing commitment to maintaining a relatively open trade and investment policy regime by the regional standards. However, there are some disturbing post–crisis developments, which deserve scrutiny in a future Review. These include increase in the degree of dispersion of tariff rates because of high tariff peaks relating to a few product lines, increased reliance on non–automatic import licensing to regulate imports of a significant number of products which directly compete with domestic production by public sector enterprises, and unexplained delays in meeting commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)     

Carbon Border Adjustment and Other Trade Policy Approaches for Climate Protection

Intereconomics - The idea of a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) is crucial to level the playing field between domestic producers and foreign suppliers of carbon-intensive products.     

推进高水平对外开放与普惠制改革:成功应对贸易纠纷的根本路径

本文针对西方国家对中国"双反"调查的各种影响进行分析和总结,并在企业、行业和国家层级如何制定和实施应对策略的相关研究成果基础上,阐述了以下观点:推进中国高水平对外开放与普惠制改革是成功应对贸易纠纷的根本路径。     

美国实施反倾销贸易政策的动因、绩效与启示

文章通过对美国反倾销贸易保护活动特征的分析,探讨了美国实施反倾销贸易保护政策的动因及其相关影响因素的强度,并对其经济效应进行了分析。反倾销贸易保护措施的实施往往受到利益集团的牵制,对一国整体福利来说并不一定有利。因此,在全球竞争中,为提高贸易效率,各国应建立更加开放的贸易体制。     

中国电子信息产业的市场结构与贸易政策

产业的市场结构是产业贸易政策选择的重要参考因素之一。从产业组织理论和贸易类型两个角度,分析中国电子信息产业的市场结构。认为,中国电子信息产业属于垄断竞争市场结构。相应的,中国电子信息产业贸易政策的制定应考虑到国外同一产业的市场结构和本国的产业绩效,针对价值增值不同的产业环节,结合产业政策,促进产业市场集中度的提高,实行保护程度不同的贸易政策。     

新贸易保护主义的新发展与中国的战略性贸易政策选择——基于弱势产业与贸易保护有效性的分析

本文在弱势产业划分与贸易保护有效性分析的基础上,探讨新贸易保护主义的新发展及其对中国进出口贸易的影响,分析我国的战略性贸易政策选择。本文认为:是否值得与能否对弱势产业进行贸易保护,在大国与小国的答案并不完全相同,可以利用大国规模经济效应提升弱势产业的比较竞争优势;对优势产业与“夕阳产业”同时进行保护、贸易保护的意识形态工具创新是新贸易保护主义新发展的主要特点;为了应对新贸易保护主义新发展对我国进出口贸易的冲击,必须制定符合我国国情的战略性贸易政策。     

论世贸组织框架下我国推行战略贸易政策的可能性

通过分析我国战略贸易政策有效实施的两个约束条件,即外部约束与内部约束,指出在世贸组织框架下,我国基本具备实施战略贸易政策的两个条件,但也会因信息不完备等原因弱化政策实施的效果。     

国际贸易结构、知识产权保护与国际R&D溢出效应

本文从国际贸易结构与知识产权保护两方面扩展了Coe和Helpman模型,并通过面板数据研究了APEC17个成员的生产率增长,得出了以下结论:(1)高R&D投入显著促进了其生产率的增长,低R&D投入未能显著促进其生产率的增长;(2)货物贸易R&D溢出渠道未能促进本国生产率的提高,而服务贸易R&D溢出渠道则促进了本国生产率的提高;(3)知识产权保护的直接效应不利于生产率的增长;(4)知识产权保护与本国R&D的协同效应显著地促进了生产率的增长,其与货物贸易R&D溢出的协同效应未能显著促进生产率的增长,与服务贸易R&D溢出的协同效应总体而言促进生产率的增长,但是对发展中经济体不显著。     

WTO贸易救济措施与战略性贸易政策

战略性贸易政策主要是通过征收关税、提供出口补贴和数量限制等措施来扶持本国的产业,提高竞争优势,在市场上占领更大的市场份额。WTO是当今世界多边贸易体制的组织和法律基础。GATT经历了八轮贸易谈判后,关税大幅度降低,一些补贴也不允许使用,这对成员方战略性贸易政策措施的使用起到了限制作用。与此同时,WTO的反倾销、反补贴和保障措施等贸易救济措施目前却成为了一些国家实施战略性贸易政策的新工具。本文阐述了WTO贸易救济措施的相关规定对战略性贸易政策的常用工具关税、补贴和数量限制行使的影响及我国应采取的对策。     

内外贸一体化中的对外贸易政策调整

由美国次级贷款问题引发的愈演愈烈的全球金融危机,将使中国经济发展面临国际市场需求紧缩和国内需求市场疲软的双重压力。从中长期来看,积极推进内外贸一体化发展,是缓解内外压力,保持经济持续较快发展的重要途径之一。为此,必须深入研究内外贸一体化的客观经济机制,促进国内外贸易政策的协调。     

Trade Policy and the Obama Administration

During his primary campaign, President Obama took an aggressive stance on trade, suggesting a protectionist drift in U.S. trade policy. However, it seems more likely that policy will focus more on enforcement of existing rights than on protectionist initiatives. The major influences on trade policy are likely to be multilateral approaches to trade problems, broad foreign policy concerns, the impact of trade policy on recovery from the current recession, and global climate change initiatives. Holdover initiatives on the World Trade Organization's Doha round and bilateral agreements will be joined by global climate change as the principal policy issues for the next few years.     

日本贸易发展变化及新政策下贸易发展趋势

战后日本经济的快速发展离不开日本贸易的发展,战后日本把"贸易立国"作为"不变国策"。然而2012年末安倍再次担任首相,并于2013年制定了安倍经济政策,其政策的实施在短期内对日本经济起到了复苏的效果,但对日本贸易并未起到拉动作用,2013年日本贸易额下降,贸易逆差继续加大。今后日本贸易的发展将通过扩大对外开放、增大技术创新投入、加快区域合作等方式实现。     

美国对外贸易及其政策的变化

美国虽然不是一个外向型经济的国家,但鉴于它的进出口贸易在国际贸易总额中所占的份额和在美国经济中日益重要的作用,美国的对外贸易政策自二战以来就开始具有世界性的影响。美国的对外贸易政策也因此长期受到各方的关注。从大范围来看,在立国200多年的历史中,美国的对外贸易政策大致经历过三个阶段的变化。