进出口商品结构对我国工资差距的影响

本文研究我国进出口贸易结构对技术工人与非技术工人工资差距的影响。分析发现:我国技术密集型产品的出口逐渐取代了劳动密集型产品的出口,出口商品结构的改善加大了对技术工人的相对需求,扩大了我国技术工人与非技术工人工资差距。进口商品结构的变化对工资差距的影响则不确定。行业特征对工资差距的影响也非常显著,技术密集型行业偏向对技术工人的培养;劳动密集型行业则会偏向对具有比较优势的非技术工人的投入;资本密集型行业对技术工人的需求影响不显著。     

农产品进出口贸易对浙江农业经济增长的影响——基于出口扩展型生产函数的实证分析

本文基于出口拓展型生产函数实证分析浙江农产品进出口贸易对农业经济增长的影响,表明农产品进出口贸易对浙江农业经济增长有显著的促进作用,农产品出口对经济增长的产出弹性大于进口和农产品进出口总额的产出弹性,由此得出浙江应建立农产品出口导向型发展战略,利用沿海地理优势和发达地区资本充足优势,面向国际市场重点发展农产品加工工业,促进农产品进出口贸易。     

An Analysis of Trade Performance of the Australian Passenger Motor Vehicle Industry: Trends,Patterns, and Determinants

This article presents an empirical analysis of the trends, patterns, and determinants of the Australian passenger motor vehicle industry trade in the context of policy liberalization. Although export orientation and import penetration ratios have shown rising trends, especially since the early 1990s, faster growth in import penetration has led to a surge in the industry’s trade deficit. Econometric results appear to suggest that tariff protection, export incentives, and government assistance have made the industry less competitive, in domestic and world markets. These findings indicate that further liberalization may help improve the Australian passenger motor vehicle industry’s trade performance.     

基于投入产出模型的中日进出口产品结构合理性比较研究

从进出口部门的角度出发,通过构建进出口产品结构的合理性评价机制和评价指标,运用中日两国的投入产出表,对中日两国进出口产品结构的合理性进行分析和比较。结论如下:中国进出口产品结构的合理性要优于日本进出口产品结构的合理性,中国的进口产品合理度指数高于日本的进口产品合理度指数,而出口产品的合理度指数却低于日本。最后分析了产生这些差距的原因,并得出了重要的政策启示。     

The paradox of export-oriented import protection: Reassessing South Korea's trade policy

As an instrument for intervention, import protection can be used to pursue both outward-oriented and inward-oriented trade policies. Although the negative consequence of inward-oriented protection has been well documented, the impact of an outward-oriented import protection policy remains largely unknown. This study investigates the impact of such a policy in the case of South Korea. Empirical data on Korea's import protection, export incentives, output growth, and export performance are compiled and tested in a supply side framework. The findings of this study suggest that the well-documented import protection measure is an integral element of Korea's export-oriented trade policy and that it will be in the self interest of Western business to respond strategically to such outward-oriented protection measures. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

我国生物医药产业国际贸易的政策选择

文章通过对我国2000-2004年生物医药产品进出口数据的研究,揭示了我国生物医药产品进出口贸易的基本状况,探究了生物医药产品进出口存在的问题。根据生物医药产业国际贸易的发展趋势及政策特点,提出了我国生物医药产业贸易政策的价值取向,以期对我国生物医药企业国际竞争能力的增强有所帮助。     

STOLPER–SAMUELSON REVISITED: TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION WITH OLIGOPOLISTIC PROFITS

This paper investigates the distributional impact of international trade when goods markets are oligopolistic and firms partially pass‐through changes in tariffs into prices and factor costs for differentiated products. Trade liberalization raises mark‐ups and profit shares in the export industry and lowers them in the import‐competing industry, while Stolper–Samuelson effects on real prices of primary factors are attenuated or possibly reversed. An extended model shows how ‘offshoring’ (trade in intermediate goods) can potentially increase mark‐ups for oligopolistic producers of final goods. The analysis illuminates why business interests generally support trade liberalization policies today, regardless of their countries' factor abundance.     

Anti‐dumping Duty and Firm Heterogeneity: Evidence from Korea

This study examines the imposition of anti‐dumping (AD) duties on imported products in Korea. We use panel data for Korean firms between 2000 and 2012 and estimate the firm‐level productivity of import‐competing firms before and after AD imposition. Using a difference‐in‐difference framework, we compare firm productivity changes in a treatment group that receives AD protection to a control group that does not. In contrast to recent findings on the effects of AD measures, we find that the average protected firms experience productivity loss during the AD protection period. Examining the changes in external market condition and internal resource allocation during the protection period, such loss appears to be more evident inside highly concentrated import‐competing sectors. Further, we find that protected firms are more likely to reallocate their resources abroad via FDI at the expense of domestic production and investment once they receive temporary protection.     

Protection for sale under monopolistic competition

This paper broadens the protection for sale model of Grossman and Helpman (1994) by incorporating the Krugman-Dixit-Stiglitz model of monopolistic competition, given its importance in explaining the prevalence of intraindustry trade. Several new results arise in this paper. First, the endogenous import tariff will never fall below zero, even in unorganized sectors. Second, the endogenous export policy for organized sectors is not necessarily an export subsidy, and can be an export tax as in unorganized sectors. Third, the level of import protection varies inversely with the degree of import penetration, regardless of whether the sector is organized or not.     

Export Cartels and Domestic Markets

This paper considers the effect of monopoly-promoting export cartels on domestic production. It is argued that export cartels facilitate tacit collusion by monitoring defections more efficiently. This slackens the incentive constraint of tacit collusion. Optimizing firms competing both in the domestic and export markets will often use the increased possibility for collusion in both markets. If the markets are not too different or there is constant returns to scale this is the case.     

反倾销保护引致的市场转移效应分析——基于中国彩电出口的实证分析

针对特定出口国的反倾销保护会带来两种贸易转移效应:进口国的进口转移效应和出口国的市场转移效应。本文通过简单竞争模型以及统计分析和描绘性分析着重考察了反倾销保护对出口国的市场转移的影响,分析结果表明,欧盟对中国彩电的反倾销保护导致了中国对其彩电出口量的大幅度下降,并进而引起了中国的彩电出口向未提起反倾销诉讼的其他国家(地区)转移,即反倾销保护导致了出口国的市场转移效应。     

Factor tariffs and income

This article examines a tariff on an imported factor of production in a small, open economy with two domestic factors. Suppose the imported factor is intensive in export production, and labor in import competing production. The factor tariff would reduce export production and trade, but raise the wage. The flexibility afforded by the three factors raises the possibility that import spending might fall more than the decrease in output. That is, the factor tariff could raise income. Inelastic demand for the imported factor and a high labor share of income favor increased income.     

Ideas,Interests and Oil Prices: The Political Economy of Trade Reform During Soeharto's Indonesia

Indonesia since the late 1960s constitutes an excellent case study in the political economy of trade protection. There have been major changes in the overall policy regime, from liberalism to significant intervention, and back towards liberalism. There have been large, though declining, inter‐industry variations in effective protection. There has been a lively domestic debate, much of it dominated by non‐economists. Many actors at home and abroad have a stake in that debate. And, since the 1980s at least, trade policy interventions have been reasonably well documented and quantified. In this paper, we show how quantitative analysis may be employed to shed light on changes in the trade policy regime over time. We also examine the principal actors with an interest in, and influence over, trade policy, delineating where possible how their influence translated into the policy arena. Finally, we speculate on whether the framework developed in this paper is applicable to the very different circumstances prevailing in the post‐Soeharto era.     

When and how should infant industries be protected?

This paper develops and analyzes a welfare maximizing model of infant industry protection. The domestic infant industry is competitive and experiences dynamic learning effects that are external to firms. The competitive foreign industry is mature and produces a good that is an imperfect substitute for the domestic good. A government planner can protect the infant industry using domestic production subsidies, tariffs, or quotas in order to maximize domestic welfare over time. As protection is not always optimal (although the domestic industry experiences a learning externality), the paper shows how the decision to protect the industry should depend on the industry's learning potential, the shape of the learning curve, and the degree of substitutability between domestic and foreign goods.Assuming some reasonable restrictions on the flexibility over time of the policy instruments, the paper subsequently compares the effectiveness of the different instruments. Given such restrictions, the paper shows that quotas induce higher welfare levels than tariffs. In some cases, the dominance of the quota is so pronounced that it compensates for any amount of government revenue loss related to the administration of the quota (including the case of a voluntary export restraint, where no revenue is collected). In similar cases, the quota may even be preferred to a domestic production subsidy.     

中国出口市场与世界进口市场的匹配性——以制造业为例

在世界经济复苏乏力、中国出口贸易增速放缓的背景下,研究中国出口市场结构与世界进口市场结构之间的匹配性具有重要的理论及现实意义。以制造业为例,在将其细分为劳动密集型、资本密集型及技术密集型的基础上,通过构建斯皮尔曼等级相关系数、收益性结构变动指数、劳伦斯指数等指标体系,对中国出口市场与世界进口市场的匹配程度和变动方向及波动幅度进行了实证研究,并与美国和日本进行比较分析,以期为中国制造业出口市场结构的优化升级提供参考。     

我国高新技术产品贸易和经济增长的长期均衡研究——基于联立方程组模型的分析

我国高新技术产品贸易与经济增长之间存在长期均衡关系。高新技术产品进口对经济增长的贡献大于出口的贡献。高新技术产品出口对高新技术产品进口具有明显的促进作用。我国要大力发展高新技术产业,促进高新技术产品出口。同时要重视高新技术产品进口,促进我国经济的快速发展。     

日本油料发展政策及对我国的启示

日本是油料进口大国,近年来日本采取一系列的保护政策刺激国内油料生产,一方面以国内支持方式鼓励本国农民种植大豆等油料作物,另一方面利用边境措施来保护国内油脂加工业的发展.这些政策措施大大减少了植物油的进口量,保护了日本农民利益和促进了油脂加工业的发展.目前中国也是植物油的进口大国,进口量占到总需求量的一半左右.因而,学习借鉴日本油料发展政策,对于发展我国油料产业,保证食用油脂安全有着重要的现实意义.     

Determinants of Bilateral Trade Protection

In this paper, determinants of bilateral protection levels are empirically identified when controlling for multilateral trade regulation and importing‐country‐specific factors. Strong empirical support is provided of that three bilateral factors are influencing the bilateral protection level. Specifically, a country's protection level on goods from a trade partner is positively affected by the domestic import penetration of goods produced by the trade partner, negatively influenced by the intra‐industry traded share of these imports and positively affected by the trade partner's protection level on domestic goods. Moreover, very high explanatory values are provided in the cross‐section estimations, indicating that these determinants, policy regulations and importer‐specific factors jointly explain almost all of the variation in bilateral protection levels. The results are general in the sense that estimations are performed for a large sample of bilateral trade relations including 22 trade partners that are highly differentiated in terms of country characteristics. The overall results indicate that, to the extent that policy makers can affect bilateral protection levels under multilateral trade regulation, they act on political‐economy rather than economic goals.     

东道国外资激励政策的经济学分析

应用投资激励措施吸引外资是目前绝大多数国家常用的政策手段。本文简述了东道国外资激励政策的理论依据,从溢出效应、提升产业竞争力、扩大出口和就业等方面分析了东道国投资激励政策的收益;从挤出效应和锁定效应、财政收入减少、资源配置扭曲等方面分析了东道国激励政策的成本;从不同激励工具、不同跨国公司、不同母国税制等方面指出了东道国外资激励效应的客观差异性。     

Trade Policy Issues in a Small African Economy: The Trade Policy Review of The Gambia 2004

The Gambia displays many of the classic characteristics of a small open economy, with the vulnerabilities that implies. The sum of its imports and exports are around 100 per cent of GDP, with a limited number of export commodities and a wide variety of imports, including some key staple foods. The Trade Policy Review of The Gambia 2004 provides a very helpful review and assessment of current trade patterns and policies. The latter rely predominantly on import and export taxes. While quite substantial trade reform measures have been implemented recently, these have led to only a very small reduction in the average tariff rate, and trade policy displays a substantial anti‐export bias. Other important issues highlighted by the Trade Policy Review include serious capacity constraints relating to trade policy, and a failure to discuss connections between trade policy and growth and poverty reduction – again common characteristics of many small economies.