Exchange Rates and Competition for FDI in Asia

This paper argues that relative exchange rates between the host countries of foreign direct investment affect their competition for FDI. Specifically, if the host country currency appreciates against the source country's currency more than that of its rival, FDI inflows of the host country will decrease, while FDI inflows increase in the rival country. Using the data of Japanese FDI in nine Asian manufacturing sectors from 1981 to 2002, the paper examines the hypothesis in the context of the competition between China and ASEAN‐4 (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand). Empirical results show that the relative exchange rate is a statistically significant factor that determines the relative inflows of Japanese FDI for manufacturing as a whole, and for such sub‐sectors as textiles, food, electronics, transportation equipment, and others. Exchange rate policies of China and ASEAN‐4 played a critical role in dynamically reshaping the geographic distribution of Japanese FDI in Asia.     

东亚汇率变动能否为我国出口贸易带来竞争优势

本文通过对中国出口贸易增长与汇率波动的实证分析确定两者之间的数量关系,探讨汇率变化能否为中国出口贸易带来竞争优势。本文用因子分析法确定出主成分,再进行回归建模,并考察汇率指数项的贡献率,认为汇率波动对中国贸易出口的影响有限,中国没有因此带来出口贸易竞争优势,那种认为依靠汇率贬值来获得出口竞争优势的看法与事实不符。中国外贸出口的推动力和竞争优势主要来自国内经济体制改革以及外向型产业投资的迅速增长。     

Synchronised Business Cycles in East Asia and Fluctuations in the Yen/Dollar Exchange Rate

Because many authors have proposed stimulating the ailing Japanese economy by monetary expansion and yen depreciation, we explore the repercussions of depreciating the yen against the dollar on the other East Asian economies – which largely peg to the dollar. Since 1980, economic integration among Japan's neighbours – China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand – has intensified and (except for China and Singapore) their business cycles have been highly synchronised. These cycles have been closely linked to fluctuations in the yen/dollar exchange rate – through changes in the export competitiveness, inflows of foreign direct investment and intra‐Asian income effects. We show that a major yen devaluation would have a negative impact on incomes in other East Asian economies and that it is not a sensible policy option for Japan.     

Exchange Rate Pass‐through and Currency Invoicing: Implications for Monetary Integration in East Asia

Exporter's price‐setting behaviour and currency invoicing play a key role in the literature on the new open‐economy macroeconomics. This paper estimates exchange rate pass‐through coefficients for the exports of four ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. In addition, previous estimates of pass‐through as well as invoicing behaviour in East Asia are discussed in the context of regional integration. The new pass‐through coefficients are estimated under two alternate specifications for up to 34 goods for each of the four ASEAN countries destined for up to 13 major markets. The results suggest: (a) little pass‐through is occurring in Southeast Asia and (b) this lack of pass‐through is more likely attributable to the fact that they are small countries in a relatively integrated market, rather than evidence of pricing to market. The implications for regional monetary integration of this apparently low degree of pass‐through are detailed.     

Trade and Exchange Rate Policies in Formerly Centrally Planned Economies

This paper examines the international economic policies of the eastern European and Soviet Successes States in the early 1990s which provide one of those wide‐open windows of opportunity when powerful vested interests are not lobbying for retention of an existing tariff structure. Moreover, the simultaneous abandonment of central planning by over two dozen countries provided a natural experiment in which a range of differing policies might have been pursued. Policymakers in transition economies have generally ended up pursuing liberal non‐discriminatory trade and foreign exchange policies. There are exceptions and the majority may be wrong, but the presumption is that, perhaps after a learning or trial‐and‐error process, decision makers have found the rules of thumb suggested by economists to be their best guide to international economic policy. This paper notes that integration of transition economies into the global trading system has been surprisingly successful. Almost all the countries in transition from central planning have accepted the WTO rule‐based system in principle, even if there are variations in trade policies and performance, and have generally pursued multilateral non‐discriminatory trade policies. In particular, the potential danger of regionalism proving more attractive than multilateralism has not eventuated. The revealed behaviour of policymakers suggests that trade liberalisation is a good rule of thumb and regional groupings among transition economies have been insignificant. Despite a proliferation of new currencies, varying exchange rate regimes, and differing degrees of currency convertibility, the general pattern has been to accept convertibility for current account transdactions, and in many cases to extend this to a de jure commitment and to allow substantial capital account convertibility. A general policy conclusion in favour of more open and non‐discriminatory trade and exchange policies have passed the test of acceptability by policymakers in over two‐dozen countries in this category.     

Real and Nominal Effective Exchange Rates for LDCs: 1971–2004

International Monetary Fund constructs and publishes real and nominal effective exchange rates mostly for industrial countries. Recently it has begun publishing such data for some newly industrialized developing countries as well. There remains some developing countries that still have not received any attention by the IMF. This paper bridges that gap by constructing quarterly real and nominal effective exchange rates for 11 developing countries over the 1971–2004 period. As an application we try to assess whether nominal depreciation in these countries has led to real depreciation.     

我国股价和汇率的关联:基于VAR-MGARCH模型的研究

本文基于VAR-MGARCH模型,分别选择人民币对美元、欧元和日元等不同外币的汇率,研究了我国股价和汇率之间的关联。实证研究表明,存在一定程度的从人民币对欧元汇率到股指的价格溢出效应,存在人民币对欧元汇率和人民币对日元汇率到股指的波动溢出效应,但人民币对美元汇率和股指之间既不存在明显的价格溢出效应,也不存在明显的波动溢出效应。总体来说,当前我国股票价格和汇率之间的内在关联性并不强。为实现货币政策的有效传导,应采取措施加强股市和汇市两个市场的有机联系。     

Trade barriers in East and South East Asia: the implications for retailers

Many countries in East and South East Asia have erected trade barriers at various times since 1945. Many retail markets have therefore been closed to outside influence and investment. In the 1990s however such measures are being reversed and markets in East and South East Asia are becoming increasingly open. This openness is both a willing embrace of outside investment and a less willing acceptance of external pressures. This paper reviews the changes taking place and concludes that those retailers taking advantage of the opportunities are faced with a variety of problems. Indeed, it would seem that the removal of international trade barriers simply leads to their replacement with more difficult domestic market policies.     

Economic growth in South East Asia and its consequences for the environment

The debate on environmental policy generally focuses on the industrialized countries. It is often neglected that rapid economic growth in the newly industrializing countries is certain to lead to the rise of environmental issues on a large scale. Especially Eastern and South East Asia will witness major environmental degradation in the next few decades unless appropriate environmental policy measures accompany further economic growth.     

农产品进出口、人民币实际汇率与农业经济增长关系的经验分析

利用VAR模型和IRF检验对我国1980-2005年期间农产品进口和出口、人民币实际汇率与农业经济增长的关系进行了检验,证实了农产品的进口和出口对农业经济增长具有较强的促进作用,人民币实际汇率一定程度的升值不会影响我国农业经济增长。同时,农业经济增长对农产品进口和出口具有促进作用。     

中美经济的结构性矛盾与汇率之争

汇率之争与中美两国经济结构和世界经济格局变化密切相关,是中美两国经济结构失衡和矛盾长期积累的结果。我国可行的对策是,既不承诺贬值,也不承诺升值,让人民币回归浮动汇率的轨道,甚至可以适当扩大浮动范围。     

人民币实际有效汇率与中国工业制成品对外贸易平衡的长期关系分析

以双边名义汇率为基础 ,对 1978～ 1999年期间人民币的名义和实际有效汇率指数进行测算 ,利用协整技术分析中国工业制成品对贸易平衡指标与我国实际国内生产总值、国外实际收入及人民币实际有效汇率之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系 ,实际的人民币贬值改善了我国工业制成品对外贸易平衡状况。     

The real dollar-yen exchange rate,asymmetries in trade flows and the current account in a perfect-foresight model for developing East Asia

This paper explores permanent, unanticipated shocks in the yen-dollar exchange rate in a perfect-foresight, infinite-horizon, representative-agent model for an open, semismall economy that produces a single good, imports intermediate inputs and investment goods from Japan and competes with Japan in external markets. Therefore, the model captures some of the features of the developing countries of East Asia. External debt is constrained by a country-risk premium that depends on the level of external debt. The capital stock is maintained and incremented by an endogenous mixture of Japanese and home goods. An appreciation of the dollar against the yen is neutral for external indebtedness and the trade account in the long run, but raises the capital stock, consumption and hence welfare in the long run; the home currency depreciates against the dollar but appreciates against the yen. Whether a cycle of current account surpluses followed by current account deficits or vice versa is generated depends on the initial response of the shadow value of external debt.     

东北亚区域森林资源状况对东北林业振兴与发展的思考

目前东北亚区域森林资源十分丰富。该区域的森林资源主要集中在俄罗斯远东、西伯利亚地区，中国东北地区、日本、韩国、朝鲜和蒙古等国家和地区的森林蓄积量也很大：本在系统研究该区域森林资源状况的基础上，指出随着经济的发展，东北亚区域森林资源状况对东北林业振兴与发展有重要作用，并认为中国和俄罗斯将在未来的东北亚区域森林资源合作开发中应发挥重要作用。