Assessing the Impacts of US‐Japan Bilateral Trade Agreements, 1980–1995

The paper presents three different viewpoints on the effects of US‐Japan bilateral trade agreements and finds some evidence to support each one using trade data from 1980–1995. For most of the 25 industry‐agreement cases, the data do not support a conclusion of significant positive impacts of the agreements on Japan's imports of targeted manufactured products from either the US or non‐US sources. In at least one high‐profile case involving autos, I find evidence suggesting positive impacts on imports from the US, but in this case the data suggests trade diversion benefiting US0based producers at the expense of European ones. I also find a few cases where the agreements may have produced positive effects on Japan's imports from non‐US sources.     

The NAFTA Preference and US‐Mexico Trade: Aggregate‐Level Analysis

This paper focuses on the US tariff preference afforded to Mexico relative to non‐NAFTA trading partners and evaluates the trade effects of NAFTA in a manner consistent with the idea behind a preferential trading agreement. The estimation technique exploits the time‐varying dimension of the tariff preference over 1989 to 2001. This is important because the tariff preference for Mexico into the United States market existed prior to NAFTA. Further, the NAFTA preference was phased in over time. We find that a higher US tariff preference for Mexico corresponds to increased US import demand for Mexican goods, and that a higher Mexican tariff preference for the United States corresponds to increased Mexican demand for US exports. Interestingly, import demand was more responsive to changes in the tariff preference once NAFTA was in place than it was on average.     

Is India Specialising in Polluting Industries? Evidence from US‐India Bilateral Trade

Recently, the apex environmental agency of India observed that domestic industrial pollution has been increasing at an alarming rate over the last two decades, and the need to rein in traditional polluting industries. This raises the pertinent question of whether the poor domestic pollution regime has affected the pattern of India's trade in dirty manufactured products in the post‐liberalisation era since 1991. We find that on the whole, India has remained a net importer of pollution‐intensive manufactured goods; however, there is a distinct trend of increasing specialisation in specific dirty industries especially in the bilateral trade with high‐income countries, and to a lesser degree with low‐income countries. The USA being India's single largest country trading partner in the post‐liberalisation era, we test for pollution offshoring at the finer industry level in US‐India bilateral trade. While we find that the pollution haven effect is not significant, India's specialisation in certain dirty manufacturing industries through the last decade remains a disturbing trend. India needs to integrate environmental sustainability within industrial growth urgently, and it is pertinent to implement policies which would reflect the true pollution costs in an industry that is increasingly competing in the international market.     

国家贸易保护政策的聚类分析

由于全球经济增长的压力,各国有利用各种政策干预贸易的可能,本文通过对各国的有关贸易政策的考察,选择了15个国家,对其贸易保护状况进行了聚类分析和结构分析,发现中国香港和台湾地区开放度最高,保护强度最低,美国、欧盟等一些国家保护强度较低,日本、中国、印度保护强度较高,俄罗斯保护强度最高。     

美国对华贸易歧视政策及原因剖析

入世以来,中国对美贸易快速增长,中美贸易摩擦不断升温,为了限制中国产品进入美国市场,美国对华实施了歧视性贸易政策,同时成为美国实施贸易救济政策最多的国家,对我国的对外贸易发展产生了很大的负面影响,文章就美国对华歧视性贸易政策及实施原因做出分析.     

警惕战略性贸易政策陷阱——兼评日美的半导体产业政策

战略性贸易政策作为新贸易理论的政策主张,不仅在理论上严重依赖假设条件,而且在实践中也面临战略性产业难以识别、信息不充分以及政治力量、利益集团的影响等等困境。但这些理论为政府实施贸易干预提供了有力的理论支撑。日本对半导体产业的干预虽然使其产业竞争力迅速提高到可以与美国竞争的水平,也导致其产业发展高度依赖政府主导的联合研发项目,缺乏应对环境变化的灵活性,而且消费者在这过程中也遭受巨额损失。     

推动服务贸易发展的政策选择

当前,全球服务贸易迅速发展,在全球贸易总量中的比重不断扩大,在世界经济竞争中的作用日益提高,发展服务贸易成为各国关注和竞争的焦点。加快服务贸易发展是提高我国对外贸易水平、参与国际分工能力的重要举措,同时也是我国面对新形势做出的战略选择。     

中国和印度贸易发展潜力和贸易政策修正探析

中国与印度的经贸关系正处于历史性的良好发展阶段.从中印贸易和产业结构比较来看,两国明显在许多领域拥有非常大的贸易发展潜力.虽然中印两国在某些外贸程序和政策法规上存在差异,但通过对中国贸易政策的不断修正,两国今后将能够在贸易和产业合作方面创造更大的贸易发展前景,而其对亚洲经济的长期发展来说也将是一个历史性的双边经济合作典范.     

中日两国产业内贸易的实证研究

本文对中日双边贸易中制成品产业内贸易的发展现状、特征以及影响因素进行了实证研究,发现随着中日双边贸易中资本和技术密集型产品比重的提高,制成品产业内贸易比重也有所提高;其中,机械和运输设备产业内贸易所占比重最高;垂直差异化产品产业内贸易是中日制成品产业内贸易的主要形式;日本对华直接投资活动活跃、跨国公司国际一体化生产体系的构筑及其产业内投资的发展、中国持续经济增长引起的市场容量扩大、加工贸易的快速发展、产品差异化发展以及便利的地理区位因素均有利于促进双边产业内贸易的发展,规模经济和贸易壁垒因素对其则尚存消极影响。     

日本地震对中国进出口贸易的影响及对策分析

2011年3月11日,日本东北部地区发生里氏9.0级特大地震,并引发大规模海啸和核泄漏事件,一个多月内余震不断,造成了重大的人员伤亡。同时这场地震使日本经济蒙受巨大损失,日本共同社报导称：日本地震造成的经济损失可能高达16万亿-25万亿日元。日本央行估计此次灾害造成的财产损失将占到国内生产总值的3%-5%。世界银行则预测,日本要从地震中恢复过来,     

Trade Creation and Diversion Effects of Regional Trade Agreements: A Product‐level Analysis

This paper examines the impacts of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on trade flows at product level, with a particular focus on trade creation and diversion. Based on estimation of the gravity equation, dealing with the zero trade flows and endogeneity bias problems, we analyse the impacts of various types of RTAs involving 67 countries for 20 products during the 1980–2006 period. We find that RTAs among developing countries tend to cause trade diversion compared with RTAs among developed countries. Taking the higher external tariff rates of developing countries compared with developed countries into consideration, our results suggest trade diversion is likely to be caused by remaining high tariffs on imports from non‐members. In addition, we find the trade creation effect for many products in the cases of Customs Unions and plurilateral RTAs. These results imply that trade creation would be caused by various factors besides the reduction in tariff rates. Based on these results, we draw a policy implication that external tariff rate reduction is an important factor in avoiding trade diversion in the formation of RTAs, in particular for RTAs among developing countries, while a large number of members and the common external tariff appear to be important for generating the trade creation effect.     

发达国家战略性产业政策和贸易政策的理论思考和启示

发达国家实行的战略性产业政策和贸易政策的有关理论问题,在20世纪60年代矮70年代是它们增强国家的综合经济实力和处于国际领先地位的重要指标,这些理论对于我国产业政策制订和调整具有一定的启发价值。     

Dispute Settlement at the WTO: Impacts of a No Deal in the US‐Brazil Cotton Dispute

On the day before Brazil was to start imposing retaliatory sanctions against the United States in the WTO dispute settlement case regarding unfair domestic and export upland cotton subsidies, the parties have reached a preliminary concession aimed at settling this eight‐year‐long trade dispute. In this paper, we explore the economywide impacts of a no deal with specific emphasis on intellectual property retaliation in a computable general equilibrium framework. As awarded by a WTO dispute settlement panel, Brazil would have been entitled to $591 million in retaliatory sanctions in goods sectors and $238 million in intellectual property sanctions. We find that retaliation by Brazil would have led to welfare gains for all countries except the United States. Most importantly, however, had Brazil not been allowed to retaliate in the form of suspension of intellectual property rights, the impact of trade retaliation alone would have been negative for both Brazil and the United States, a case of shooting oneself in the foot to shoot at the other person's foot.     

尼日利业进口贸易法规概览

尼日利亚位于非洲西部尼日尔河中下游,南濒临大西洋的几内亚湾,北邻尼日尔,西接贝宁,面积92万平方公里,人口1.3亿,是非洲人口最多的国家.     

日本应对外贸摩擦手段变化趋势分析

20世纪50年代中期到80年代中后期,日本应对贸易摩擦的手段以双边磋商为主。20世纪90年代后,双边与多边手段并重成为日本处理外贸摩擦的新趋势。日本应对外贸摩擦手段的变化既有自身的原因,也有外部原因。我国入世已七年多,与WTO成员关系的磨合期已基本结束,目前已具备适时调整外贸摩擦应对手段的条件。