Production subcontracting and location

Using data from a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms, I examine factors that explain firms' production subcontracting decisions and test whether there is any evidence that production subcontracting is facilitated in areas typically associated with higher agglomeration economies. The results show that location matters. Firms in industry agglomerations are more likely to subcontract production activities. While in general, larger and older firms as well as high wage firms show a greater probability for production subcontracting, industry agglomeration particularly facilitates subcontracting for smaller and lower wage firms and it allows firms to respond to a greater degree to expansive demand conditions by taking advantage of subcontracting.     

A note on tax competition in the presence of agglomeration economies

This paper analyzes tax competition in the presence of agglomeration effects. The obtained results are then compared to the results of the traditional model, without agglomeration effects. As is well known, the presence of a fiscal externality affects the provision of the public good in the standard competitive model of tax competition. In the model with agglomeration effects, in addition to this externality, a new effect shows up. This effect reflects heightened government concern about capital flight, which depresses firm productivity by limiting external economies of scale. As a result, capital tax rates end up being lower than in the case where agglomeration effects are not present, worsening the underprovision of the public good. This conclusion holds in both the competitive and strategic versions of the model.     

Second-best cost–benefit analysis in monopolistic competition models of urban agglomeration

This paper examines the agglomeration benefits of a transportation improvement in a city by modeling the microstructure of urban agglomeration based on monopolistic competition of differentiated intermediate products. Properly extended to include variety distortion in addition to price distortion, Harberger’s measure of excess burden yields the agglomeration benefits. The agglomeration benefits are positive if increasing the variety is procompetitive; however, in the anticompetitive case, we cannot exclude the possibility of negative additional benefits. If there are multiple cities, the net agglomeration benefits can be negative when other cities that experience a reduction in population have larger agglomeration economies.     

日本集聚经济与都市发展研究

随着国际化经济的进展,都市作为空间单位的重要性得以提高,都市机能也发生了巨大变化.其中集聚经济在都市体系中发挥了不可忽视的作用.本文在考察日本都市化发展的基础上,分析了集聚经济与都市发展的关系以及日本都市可持续发展的方向.     

The geography of new firm formation: Evidence from independent start-ups and new subsidiaries in the Netherlands

This paper investigates to what extent determinants of the rate of independent start-ups and the rate of new subsidiaries are different. Using a regional database for the Netherlands over the period 1988–2002, we investigate the impact of two types of agglomeration effects, localization and urbanization, while controlling for a range of economic variables. We find urbanization economies to be particularly important for the creation of new subsidiaries while localization economies are more important for the creation of independent new ventures. Finally, the effect of agglomeration variables is found to be stronger for manufacturing industries compared to services industries.

Trade Openness and City Size with Taste Heterogeneity

Abstract

This paper incorporates taste heterogeneity, as a dispersion force, into Fujita et al.'s New Economic Geography model. By doing so, agglomeration of both firms and workers is the result of market and non-market interactions. We analyze the outcomes of the original model vis-à-vis the outcomes of its extension. In particular, we assess the impact of international trade openness on cities' size. Two main general predictions arise from such a departure. First, the breakpoint with taste heterogeneity is higher than the breakpoint associated without it. Second, for low levels of trade openness urban agglomeration is attenuated with taste heterogeneity. Finally, based upon particular values of the parameters of the model, market outcomes converge to the optimal social welfare outcomes as taste heterogeneity increases.

Ouverture commerciale et tailles des agglomérations avec hétérogénéité des gouts

Résumé La présente communication incorpore l'hétérogénéité des goûts, en tant que force de dispersion, dans le nouveau modèle de Géographie économique de Fujita et al. De cette façon, l'agglomération d'entreprises et de travailleurs constitue l'aboutissement d'interactions commerciales et non commerciales. Nous analysons les résultats du modèle original en fonction de ceux de son extension. Nous évaluons, en particulier, l'impact de l'ouverture commerciale internationale sur la taille des villes. Cette nouvelle orientation donne lieu à deux prédictions générales principales. Premièrement, le seuil tenant compte de l'hétérogénéité des goûts est plus élevé que le seuil connexe sans cette dernière. Deuxièmement, en présence de bas niveaux d'ouverture commerciale, l'agglomération urbaine est atténuée par l'hétérogénéité des goûts. Enfin, en fonction de valeurs particulières des paramètres du modèle, les conséquences commerciales convergent vers les résultats optimaux de l'assistance sociale au fur et à mesure de l'augmentation de l'hétérogénéité des goûts.

Apertura comercial y tamaño de ciudad con heterogeneidad en los gustos

Extracto Este trabajo incorpora la heterogeneidad en los gustos, como una forma de dispersión, en el modelo de Nueva Geografía Económica de Fujita et al. Por este medio, la aglomeración de empresas y trabajadores es el resultado de interacciones de mercado y de no mercado. Analizamos los resultados del modelo original frente a los resultados de su extensión. En particular, evaluamos el impacto de la apertura del comercio internacional sobre el tamaño de las ciudades. Dos predicciones principales surgen de tal desviación. En primer lugar, el punto límite con heterogeneidad en los gustos es más alto que el punto límite asociado sin ella. En segundo lugar, en niveles bajos de apertura comercial, la aglomeración urbana es atenuada con la heterogeneidad en los gustos. Finalmente, basados en valores particulares de los parámetros del modelo, los resultados del mercado convergen con los resultados de bienestar social óptimos a medida que la heterogeneidad en los gustos aumenta.

     

高端聚集:中国经济空间发展战略

中国未来发展面临的许多重大挑战都与经济的空间结构调整密切相关。本文提出了基于国土空间整体、以高端聚集为中心的中国经济空间发展战略。首先以美国为例阐述经济高端聚集这种空间发展模式在辽阔的国土地域上的实现过程;然后分析中国经济的高端聚集趋势以及所面临的空间分割和低端离散的局面。本文认为,中国目前应该实施无地域分割的空间发展政策,推动要素自由流动和区域自由贸易,促使中国经济包括市场、人口和产业走向持续高端聚集的发展轨道。     

生产性服务业集聚推进城市化了吗？

本文在外部性和新经济地理综合框架下研究中国284个地级市生产性服务业集聚对城市化的影响。结果显示,生产性服务业专业化和多样化集聚对城市化具有显著的技术溢出效应,且专业化集聚作用效果更明显;而生产性服务业空间集聚规模则通过市场外部性作用于城市化。生产性服务业专业化集聚对西部地区影响大于东、中部,而多样化集聚和空间集聚规模的作用由东向西依次递减;国内市场、国际市场亦对各地区生产性服务业集聚效应产生不同程度的影响     

经济核算类矩阵调整的JSD方法及扩展研究

现有的矩阵更新、平衡等调整方法多存在两种缺陷：一是度量新旧矩阵间差异的函数形式不对称,并非严格“距离”概念;二是要求矩阵元素非负导致使用范围受限。为改进上述不足,本文提出了包括Jensen–Shannon divergence（JSD）在内的若干基于对称距离优化的新方法,并统一进行保号、误差妥协等扩展以方便实际运用。在此基础上本文利用中国及其他28个国家的数据,对比分析了多种矩阵调整方法的实际效果,结果发现：第Ⅰ类JSD方法表现最突出且相对稳健,值得代替现在使用较广泛的RAS或交叉熵方法。     

产业集聚的资源错配效应研究

研究目标：分析产业集聚对资源错配的影响效果。研究方法：通过错配指数计算划分错配类型、面板门槛回归确定集聚发展阶段、面板聚类区分错配程度,最后对不同分类情况进行面板固定效应和Tobit模型回归分析。研究发现：影响资源错配的因素非常复杂,既与错配本身的技术因素有关,也与产业的空间集聚因素有关。产业集聚能在大多数情况下对资源错配起到积极效果,而处于产业集聚成长期且资本配置不足劳动力配置过度的行业资源错配情况最严重。研究创新：从内涵型错配和集聚发展阶段的视角,多方面分类比较。研究价值：产业集聚的资源错配效应研究为行业补足发展短板,提高全要素生产率,从而提高经济增长的质量和效益提供了参考。     

新型城镇化背景下异地城镇化的特征及趋势

目前,我国城镇化水平仍然滞后工业化,区域城镇化发展不平衡.其中,城镇化过程中低质量的“异地城镇化”现象非常明显.在城镇化加速发展时期,如何保持“城镇化数量与城镇化质量”的健康协调发展,缩小区域城镇化差距,提高后发地区域镇化质量,具有十分重要的意义.本文以湖北省为例,针对“异地城镇化”的特点和问题,重点探索新时期“异地城...     

“三元”城镇化对服务业增长的影响

快速崛起的城镇化为服务业的发展提供了必要的基石。然而,对服务业增长产生深远影响的城镇化绝不仅仅局限于以城镇人口占比所表征的城镇化。本文提出“三元”城镇化概念,并把“三元”城镇化定义为“外延式”城镇化、“内涵式”城镇化以及“网络式”城镇化。本文从理论上考察了“三元”城镇化影响服务业增长的传导机制。本文随后基于中国1999~2013年27个省份的面板数据,运用增长模型、比重模型和效率模型系统检验了“三元”城镇化对服务业增长的影响,研究表明,“外延式”城镇化和“内涵式”城镇化均从服务业规模、产业比重和劳动生产率三个方面显著促进了服务业的增长,“网络式”城镇化仅仅促进了服务业规模的扩张。“内涵式”城镇化和“网络式”城镇化对知识密集型服务业增长的促进作用更大,“外延式”城镇化则对非知识密集型服务业增长的促进作用更大。“三元”城镇化均显著促进了东部地区知识密集型服务业的增长,同时拉大了中西部地区与东部地区知识密集型服务业增长的差距。     

规划引导型城市群战略深化路径研究

规划引导型城市群是中国经济发展最弱但也是最具潜力的区域,从空间经济学角度来看,规划引导型城市群战略存在四个问题:城市群间协同政策不足、总体发展程度弱、核心城市不够发达、核心和外围城市间渠道不畅。在城市群发展时空演变理论的基础上,结合8个城市群的不同特点,提出“十四五”时期规划引导型城市群的差异化战略深化路径。     

The agglomeration of headquarters

This paper uses a micro data set on auxiliary establishments from 1977 to 1997 in order to investigate the determinants of headquarter agglomerations and the underlying economic base of many larger metro areas. The significance of headquarters in large urban settings is their ability to facilitate the spatial separation of their white collar activities from remote production plants. The results show that separation benefits headquarters in two main ways: the availability of differentiated local service input suppliers and the scale of other headquarter activity nearby. A wide diversity of local service options allows the headquarters to better match their various needs with specific experts producing service inputs from whom they learn, which improves their productivity. Headquarters also benefit from other headquarter neighbors, although such marginal scale benefits seem to diminish as local scale rises.     

城市空间演化与中原城市群地域组织研究

文章阐述了目前国内外城市群的空间演变规律及其发展趋势的一般规律.在此基础上,以中原城市群为例,对城市群的发展条件、形成机制与空间范围进行界定,然后对其发展阶段作了简要的分析,并探讨了其未来空间发展演化趋势.     

中国城市化水平和速度的再考察

关于中国城市化水平和速度的争论颇多,本文试图就这些争论提出自己的判断。依据钱纳里标准和IU、NU比以及与同类国家的比较分析后发现,我国城市化水平相对于经济发展水平和非农化水平而言有所滞后,但滞后程度较小;当前的城市化速度是与我国经济社会发展阶段相适应的,并未盲目冒进。采用Logistic模型预测分析后发现,未来十五年我国城市化仍将以较快的速度推进,但其发展速度与前十五年相比将有所减缓。估计到2015年,我国的城市化水平将超过50%,2025年将达到60%左右。此后,城市化速度显著减缓,2040年城市化水平将超过65%,2050年达到70%左右。     

The effect of (the absence of) multinationals'' foreign direct investment on the level of Eastern European trade

Identifying the most important systemic characteristics that have determined the behavior of CPEs is crucial for the choice of a transition path within the ongoing economic reforms in these countries. The empirical literature on the comparative behavior of CPEs and MEs often gives little help in explaining exactly why the economic performance of CPEs differs from that of MEs. This is certainly the case for studies that have previously examined the comparative levels of CPE trade. Employing the data and methodology of an existing study (Browning, 1985), and adding a variable representing the level of MNC activity in each country, it is shown that the low levels of CPE trade can be completely explained by the NMC activity, without recourse to other effects of the economic system.Abbreviations CPE Centrally Planned Economy - ME Market Economy - MNC Multinational Corporation - CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance