The plantation economy as an economic system

The recent literature on plantation economies is surveyed and an attempt is made to test some of the proposed hypotheses and ideas, using a sample of 41 nations around 1960. Four questions form the focus of the analysis: What is a plantation? What are the economic, political, and social forces giving rise to the plantation system of agriculture? What are the impacts of the plantation system on the rest of the economy and society? And what are the forces bringing change to plantation economies?     

The economic valuation of biodiversity as an abstract good

The notion of an economic valuation of biodiversity raises major philosophical and practical challenges, especially due to the fact that biodiversity is an abstract good. Insights from political philosophy and philosophy of language can help to clarify the reliability and scope of the current economic methods that can be used for the purpose of valuing it. The analogy with another abstract good, justice, indeed shows that thinking about abstract goods is a very specific exercise. If they do not take account of this specificity, applications of hedonic and contingent valuation methods can hardly claim to be relevant to value biodiversity. Rawls' theory of justice provides for the conceptual tools to overcome this problem. A reinterpretation, based on the theory of counterfactuals, allows generalizing this account of justice to outline a theory of thinking about abstract goods. This new framework emphasizes the importance of the institutional context in determining the reliability of thinking about abstract goods. It points toward substantial reforms of the methodology of economic valuation. Specifically, it suggests reinterpreting valuation as a dynamic expressive process, where initial steps aim at reinforcing the reliability of later steps through an institutional transformation and stabilization of preferences for abstract goods.     

Improving the performance of an economic system: Controlling chaos

In this paper we use a simple model of evolutionary market dynamics to illustrate how chaotic behavior can be controlled by making small changes in a parameter that is accessible to the decision makers. This approach is commonly referred to as `targeting' – one can easily switch from a chaotic evolution of the market to any desired regular motion. We show that complex dynamics leads to inferior performance in our model and that an application of such a correction mechanism by the decision makers of the firms yields a considerable improvement in the system's economical properties in terms of profits and profitability. We present numerical simulations in order to illustrate the effectiveness of this method.     

The Yugoslav economic system

In his 1976 book, Horvat reviews the changes that have occurred in the Yugoslav economic system since 1945. Changes in policy, instruments used, and sectoral output are examined. Yugoslav policy makers are faulted for failing to understand the distinction between changes in the system and changes in policy instruments available under it. The consequence is economic instability. This review article considers the compatibility between market and socialism and provides some support for the Yugoslav interpretation of socialism, on the basis of the Constitution and of the Associated Labor Act.     

论自然经济体系

本文阐释了尚未人知的自然经济体系的思想及其假设,认为该体系对地球上所有生物的活动,尤其是对人类自所谓工业革命以来急剧增加的经济活动,具有明显的反作用。在深入观察、直觉感知、以及运用新古典经济学和投入-产出分析工具的基础上,不仅论证了该体系的存在及其特性,而且从自然经济体系角度,提出了如何应对诸如人口老龄化、人口拥挤、气候变化等人类社会面临的社会经济问题的思考。     

The islamic economic system

The Islamic economic system is a theoretical construct of an industrial economy whose members follow the Islamic faith. This essay surveys the elements of such a system, as presented in a series of recent books on Islamic economics. Particular attention is paid to the injunction against interest payments and to the requirement of paying a wealth tax with regard to aggregate saving.     

Is there an economic system based on sovereignty of each consumer?

Conclusion One could add to these examples and show that systems based on consumer sovereignty can range from some historical realizations oflaissez-faire all the way to certain conceivable forms of (Lange) socialism. In every case an analysis of the individual incentive systems that fuel and of the welfare rationale that shapes the economic and political structures would be required before actual systems could be classified in a welfare relevant sense.Pareto optimality and actual or planner-simulated perfect competition certainly cannot be mandatory if systems based on consumer sovereignty are to exist. Freedom of consumers as a group regarding their choice of political and economic constitution and freedom of action for each individual who is protected by the Pareto criterion within some statistical confidence interval under each constitution suffice for consumer sovereignty. As long as the government remains demonstrably representative of the qualified majority in constitutional questions and respectful of all voters in its parliamentary processes, the consumer-predilected scope of government activities may differ from case to case, but the welfare basis is the same.In a second-best world, consumers and their representatives may even choose to delegate many or most allocative decisions to the executive branch of government, if they see no superior and feasible alternative. Extreme caution is justified if it is feared that such voluntary delegation of powers may prove irreversible; yet systems based on consumer sovereignty can take varying forms. In general, ideological labels, or terms based on characteristic details, institutional parameters, or formal organization are therefore insufficient for systems classification on the welfare basis which may well be regarded as the single most important respect in which economic systems can differ.     

拉丁美洲1990年代经济改革特点--以墨西哥经济改革为例

拉丁美洲在20世纪90年代前后开始的全面经济改革,新自由主义属性显著。在这一过程中,墨西哥的新自由经济改革颇具代表性。因此,以墨西哥的加工贸易和国有企业私有化为例,分析拉丁美洲经济改革中的特点以及出现的问题。     

Property as an economic concept: reconciling legal and economic conceptions of property rights in a Coasean framework

Adopting a simplistic view of Coase (J Law Econ 3:1–44, 1960), most economic analyses of property rights disregard both the key advantage that legal property rights (that is, in rem rights) provide to rightholders in terms of enhanced enforcement, and the difficulties they pose to acquirers in terms of information asymmetry about legal title. Consequently, these analyses tend to overstate the role of “private ordering” and disregard the two key elements of property law: first, the essential conflict between property (that is, in rem) enforcement and transaction costs; and, second, the institutional solutions created to overcome it, mainly contractual registries capable of making truly impersonal (that is, asset-based) trade viable when previous relevant transactions on the same assets are not verifiable by judges. This paper fills this gap by reinterpreting both elements within the Coasean framework and thus redrawing the institutional foundations of both property and corporate contracting.     

中国区域经济发展的经济学分析

1.生产力层次推移理论 生产力层次推移理论是国际上的一种区域经济理论,即无论在世界范围内还是一国范围内,客观上存在着经济技术上的不同层次。     

The WTO dispute settlement system: a first assessment from an economic perspective

We explore the incentives countries face in trade litigationwithin the new WTO dispute settlement system. Our analysis yieldsa number of interesting predictions, First, because sanctionsare ruled out during the litigation process, the dispute settlementsystem does not preclude all new trade restrictions. However,the agenda-setting capacity of the complainant, including itsright to force a decision, make trade restrictions less attractivethan under the WTO's predecessor, GATT. Second, the system'sappellate review provides the losing defendant with strong incentivesto delay negative findings, and both parties with a possibilityto signal their determinacy in fighting the case. Third, a relativelyweak implementation procedure potentially reinforces incentivesto violate WTO trade rules. Fourth, bilateral settlements aremore likely at an early stage in the process and are biasedtoward the expected outcome of the formal dispute settlementprocedure. Empirical evidence based on a first dataset of casesat an advanced stage of the litigation process provides qualitativesupport for our claims.     

General budget support as an aid instrument—impact on economic growth

Since the change of the new millennium, general budget support (GBS) has become a prominent, yet controversial and heavily debated, modality for delivering aid. We study GBS as an aid instrument from a cross‐country perspective. We examine if any growth impacts can be identified as a result of the use of GBS. We use data covering nine 4‐year intervals from 1976 to 2011. We modify two supply‐side IV strategies from previous aid–growth literature. In our main approach, we employ an interaction of an exogenous supply‐side variable (donor government fractionalization) and an endogenous variable (probability of receiving GBS) as an instrument for GBS, and in the alternative approach we construct an instrument following a supply‐side approach. Our results suggest that GBS receiving countries have grown faster than countries receiving other types of aid. Selection bias does not explain this result. The growth effect is not only attributed to lagged GBS but also to contemporaneous GBS flows.     

中国封建赋税与商品经济

从秦汉至唐代中叶商品经济的发展 ,主要由封建国家赋税收入所形成的有效需求所拉动。本文从封建赋税提升商品市场丰度、扩展商品市场广度、增加商品市场容量、发挥商品市场功能以及推动商品生产发展等几个方面作了论证     

Start-ups as drivers of economic growth

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between the implementation of start-ups and the dynamics of the main characteristics of national economic growth. In developing the methodological design of the study, a quantitative approach was used, which allowed realizing the advantages of the integrated use of correlation and regression analysis, analysis of trend models and general scientific methods of knowledge to analyze the time series model and prove the following hypotheses on the example of the economies of Canada, China, and South Korea. Н1: An increase in the number of start-ups has a positive impact on the sustainable development of the social sphere. Н2: More start-ups have a positive impact on the sustainable development of the economy. Н3: More start-ups have a positive impact on the sustainable development of the green society; Н4: The increase in the number of start-ups has a positive effect on the development of the institutional sphere. The study results substantiate a strong direct correlation between the implementation of start-ups and the achievement of the UN SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), with a link proven not only for economic, but also for social, environmental, and institutional SDGs, which increases the importance of start-ups for achieving sustainable development in territories.This study may be of interest to state and municipal officials in the implementation of measures to create a favorable startup ecosystem and to academic researchers, opening new avenues for future research.     

绿色经济制度体系--推进循环经济发展的制度创新

从本质上说，发展循环经济就是在生产、流通、消费、分配的每一个环节实现废弃物减量化、资源化、无害化，实际上就是废弃物资源的有效配置问题。基于此，本文以界定废弃物是资源为前提，从微观经济学角度，通过探讨废弃物资源有效配置机制，透析当今资源短缺和环境恶化的制度根源，寻求实现废弃物资源有效配置即发展循环经济的制度切入点——绿色经济制度体系，以期为循环经济的发展奠定经济学理论基础。     

Carbon offsets as an economic alternative to large-scale logging: a case study in Guyana

The objective of this study is to analyze the economic viability of carbon-offset projects that avoid logging in Guyana's forests. The results of this case study illustrate the cost effectiveness of alternative land-use options that reduce deforestation and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This analysis demonstrates that using Guyana's rainforests for climate change mitigation can generate equivalent revenue to that of conventional large-scale logging without detrimental environmental impacts. At a 12% discount rate, the break-even price for carbon is estimated to be about US$ 0.20/tC. This estimate falls toward the low range of carbon prices for existing carbon offset projects that avoid deforestation.