看得清和看不清的“不平”

保持一定的财富差距,尽全力消除地位的差距,这对今后改革会有重要影响. 为什么会有两种不平? 我们看到的一种不平是财富的不平,它是可以看得清的;还有一种不平就是地位的不平,这个不太容易看得清,但它又是非常重要,是构成不平的一个方面.     

西部方言区部族——镜头下的梭嘎女人

王美是梭嘎十二苗寨中陇嘎寨的一位女孩子,今年17岁,画蜡、刺绣、吹舞芦笙样样都会。在我们这样的外人看来,她可谓多才多艺。但她们自己却认为这不仅是应该的,而且是必需的。因为在过去,像她们这样年纪的女孩子,已开始吹着三眼箫和后生们谈恋爱,再过一两年,就要嫁人成媳妇了。     

The Incredible Shrinking Black Woman: Implications of Health Policies

Black American women are shrinking in height at a faster rate than other groups, a phenomenon that has consequences for the physical health and economic well-being of black females. Relative to the cohort born from 1955 to 1974, the most recent cohort (1970–1986) of black American women and girls have lost more than half an inch (approximately 0.56) in height. Adult height is a measure of net nutrition acquired during childhood and adolescence and is correlated with a wide variety of economic and health outcomes. Simultaneously, the body mass index (BMI) among blacks has also increased at a faster rate than whites in both the periods of 1988–1994 (1.06 kg/m2) and 1999–2002. Black women and girls, in particular, experienced the greatest increase in BMI since the 1990s. Evidence that black American women are shrinking and BMI is growing highlights the need to examine the nutritional intake of black girls during childhood and adolescence; early nutritional deficiencies have persistent impact over their life course. In this policy brief, we consider several public health policy interventions that affect black girls’ nutritional intake across the life course, particularly during childhood and adolescence.     

伯南克面临诸多挑战

本·伯南克1953年12月13日出生于美国佐治亚州的奥古斯塔,1975年获得哈佛大学经济学学士学位,取得过经济学最优成绩,1979年在麻省理工学院获得博士学位。伯南克在普林斯顿大学工作了17年,担任该校经济学系主任。2002年,他成为掌握经济调控大权的联邦储备委员会的理事。2005年6月,伯南克被布什总统任命为总统经济顾问委员会主席。2006年1月31日,伯南克接任美联储主席。伯南克上任恰逢油价高涨,美国国内消费出现降温苗头。在保持经济增长方面,这位联储新当家人面临着诸多挑战。第一个挑战是结束联储将近2年的升息历程。目前美国经济增长已有放…     

《爱》中的黑人女性L的流散身份建构

对于后殖民时代的流散族群来说,文化身份不是一个本质性的存在,而是一个处在不断建构和再建构的动态的认同过程。托妮·莫里森的小说《爱》就是一部描述20世纪美国非裔流散群体,尤其是女性流散群体身份的迷失与建构的小说。从后殖民女性主义视角来看,以小说中的黑人女性L为代表的流散主体在流散身份建构的过程中,要面对种族、性别、阶级等多重因素的影响。在多重压迫下,以L为代表的黑人女性,只有固守民族文化,捍卫女性独立,才能完成对流散身份的建构,从而获得真正的独立与自由。     

中国融入世界经济面临的挑战

中国经济融入世界的过程中面临企业竞争力不强、经济资源边界约束、产业结构升级、经济体制阻滞、对外资过度依赖等方面的问题,需认真解决。     

工业工程的发展历程及所面临的挑战与机遇

以先驱者为线索,回顾了工业工程的发展历程,并在此基础上论述了工业工程所面临的机遇与挑战,以及工业工程应如何抓住机遇迎接挑战,为资源可持续发展及社会稳定做出贡献。     

Development and Immigration: Experiences of Non-US Born Black Women

An exploration of inequality at the intersection of race, gender, and nationality offers a means to explore how complex economic and social forces combine to shape women??s outcomes in ways that differ from men??s. Women??s responsibility for care work and other forms of unpaid labor inhibits labor force participation, and in some cases, redounds heavily on children. Those responsibilities, coupled with labor market discrimination against black women, US or foreign born, increases the difficulties single mothers face in providing for families.     

中小银行入世面临的机遇和挑战

我国加入 WTO,对中小银行业是一把双刃剑 ,既提供了发展良机 ,又提出了挑战。我国中小银行与国外银行相比 ,在资金实力、经营技术、人才储备、管理经验及经营理念上都存在着很大差距。迎接挑战 ,中小银行要在银行制度创新、发展战略、业务创新、加快人才培养和建立稳健、安全、防风险的运行机制上下功夫     

Introduction to Articles on Black Women and Work

Black women are one of the hardest working groups in the country. However, hard work is not always properly rewarded. The existence of wage inequities based on race has been shown to exist (Darity The Journal of Human Resources XVII: 72–91 1982), and black women have not been exempt from its implications. In addition, African American women still experience higher unemployment levels than their white female counterparts. In papers examining black women in the nursing profession, their income and earnings volatility, and inequities in their employment, Richard McGregory, Bradley Hardy, and Linda Loubert provide an overview of where black women stand in the U.S. labor market with respect to work and earnings. While these pieces show that African American women have made significant inroads into the American labor market there is still further to go.     

Invisible enemy: The health impact of ozone

China has exerted great efforts in the past decades to fight against particulate matters and has achieved initial results, but ozone pollution has increased significantly. Using a unique diagnostic data of a peninsula city in China, this study evaluates the health effect of ozone pollution on emergency room admission and medical expenditure. We present strong evidence that ozone has a significant negative impact on health. Specifically, one standard deviation increase in ozone pollution will result in an additional 3.30, 2.25, and 4.94 weekly emergency room admissions in respiratory, ophthalmology, and internal medicine. Our analysis of medical expenditure implies that one standard deviation increase of ozone pollution generates a 5.89 million yuan increase of annual medical expenditure for a representative city. We further show that land wind, sunny weather, and dense roads significantly moderate the adverse health effects of ozone. Our findings offer a timely reminder for policymakers to pay attention to “invisible” ozone pollution while managing particulate pollution.     

加入WTO后新疆农业面临的挑战及对策

加入WTO虽然有利于刺激我国农产品进出口贸易以及农产品结构的调整，但在一定阶段也会对我国农业产生较强烈的影响和冲击，本文对加入WTO后新疆农业在农产品价格、质量、竞争、农业管理体制及政策等方面受到的冲击与挑战进行了阐述，并提出了今后新疆农业应采取的对策。     

Beyond Anecdotes: A Quantitative Examination of Black Women in Academe

Using data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates, the Survey of Doctorate Recipients, and the Integrated Postsecondary Educational Data System Completion Survey by Race, this paper provides a quantitative analysis of black woman as they progress through the academy as students, faculty or administrators. This paper will detail the number of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees awarded to black woman, the colleges and universities that are successful at conferring said degrees, and the professional outcomes of black women employed in academe. We find that black women earn twice as many degrees as black men and that younger black female professors seem to face fewer barriers to success in the academy than their predecessors.     

日本税制：现状、挑战和改革趋势

进入21世纪后,日本税制面临着经济重振乏力、老龄化带来的沉重财政负担、增强经济活力等严峻挑战.为应对挑战,日本在近几年对税收优惠等税制内容进行了调整,呈现出一些新的特点.同时,我国正在进行新一轮的税制改革,日本的经验对我国具有深远的启发意义.     

African Americans and U.S. Politics: The Gradual Progress of Black Women in Political Representation

This paper argues that since the 1960s, African Americans have substantially increased their political participation in the U.S. political system. It claims that Blacks in the U.S. have built a strong political foundation and that their influence in the country’s political system has grown within the past four decades. The paper highlights, however, that more Black women tend to be active participants in the electoral process than Black men and that there is the potential for Black women to equal or surpass Black men in the number of elected officials within their race in the years and decades to come.

加入WTO后中国产业组织政策面临的挑战及对策

在经济全球化的情况下，制定产业组织政策，除了要在规模经济和竞争效益二者之间寻求平衡外，还必须考虑到产业在国际市场上的竞争优势。本文认为当前产业组织政策的总体原则应该以促进竞争、反垄断为主，在保证有效竞争的前提下提高我国产业的国际竞争力，并在此基础上从反垄断政策、促进集中的政策和中小企业政策这三个方面来探讨在新形势下如何建立我国的产业组织政策体系。     

Challenges Facing Agricultural Extension Agents: A Case Study from South‐western Ethiopia

Abstract: This article examines the working conditions of extension workers and constraints to the adoption of modern agricultural technologies/practices in south‐western Ethiopia. Data collected from 85 extension workers form the empirical basis for the study. The empirical results indicate that extension work in the study area has not been participatory in its nature, little consideration was given to farmers’ experiences and knowledge, and extension workers lack practical skills. In addition to deciding on who should take part in the extension programme, extension agents are found to supply more services to those farmers who are financially sound and show interest in the programme. The study reveals that apart from the fact that the number of extension workers in the study area is very small, their qualification and communication skills leave a lot to be desired. The study makes it also clear that a host of factors obstructs the promotion/adoption of modern agricultural technologies/practices in the study area.     

Counting the Invisible Workforce: The Case of Homebased Workers

This paper illustrates the limitations of offical statistics on the informal sector with the case of homebased women workers: this is, women who work from their homes as own-account producers or subcontract workers. After noting that official statistics in most countries do not classify homebased subcontract work as such, the authors review the available data on both types of homebased work. The available evidence suggests that homebased work is an important source of employment throughout the world, especially for women, and that homebased workers comprise a significant share of the workforce in key export industries. The evidence also shows that the informal sector often has direct ties to the formal sector and is growth-promoting. The case of homebased workers, the authors conclude, illustrates the need for improved informal sector statistics as well as a better understanding of the impact of policies on the informal sector and the contribution of the informal sector to national economies.