我国推行预约定价制的必要性分析

转移价格是指某公司在与关联企业进行交易时所遵照的价格。关联企业既可能是从属关系，也可能是共同隶属于第三方。转移定价作为跨国公司转移利润的重要工具，受到了各国政府的关注。预约定价（APA）是指纳税人事先将其与关联企业之间的内部交易与财务收支往来所涉及的转移定价方法向税务机关申请报告，经其审定认可，作为计征所得税的跨及核算依据，并免除事后税务机关对转移定价进行调整增的一项制度。     

关联企业转让定价避税问题及防范

所谓关联企业,是指两个或两个以上企业在管理、控制或资本等方面存在着直接或间接关系的企业。包括总机构与它的分支机构、同一总机构的不同分支机构、母公司与子公司、同一母公司的不同子公司等多种形态。关联企业进行避税有多种手段,最常用的是在关联企业之间转让定价。转让定价的方法,就是为了躲避按市场价格交易所承担的税收负担,实行某种类似经济组织、集团内部结算价格的方式转让产品、服务或权利,达到转让利润,从而减轻纳税负担的避税方法。由于关联企业的不同成员分布在不同的国家或地区,而这些国家或地区税收政策和税率方面存在着…     

跨国公司转移价格的目的、手段与防范

转移价格也称转让定价或转移定价，是指集团内的关联企业之间，为了确保集团利益最大化，在集团内部人为地控制定价。集团内部各部门之间存在的产品或服务关联交易的现象，就形成了货物或服务的转移定价。当前；在华跨国公司的转移价格问题越来越被重视。转移价格问题是所有由跨国公司造成的各种潜在问题中最令人关注的问题。     

关联企业转让定价地方税收管理难点及对策

关联企业转让定价是关联企业避税的一个主要方式，不仅在跨国关联企业，而且在内资关联企业中也大量存在，给我国地方税收管理带来很大困难。本文从关联企业的界定，转让定价的动机、方式、模型和危害等方面分析关联企业转让定价给地方税收管理带来困难，并提出相应的对策。     

论跨国公司在华转移定价的方法及其防范措施

改革开放后的30年间，我国在引进外商投资方面取得了很大的成果，但也出现一些严重的问题，其中外商投资企业避税现象即是问题之一，利用转移定价避税是目前外商在中国最常用的手段。因此，正确认识转移定价的方法并研究相应的防范措施己成为我国吸引外资、利用外资的重要课题。     

浅析内资关联企业的转让定价

转让定价是关联企业避税的一个主要方式,不仅在跨国关联企业,而且在内资关联企业中也大量存在,给我国税收造成了巨大的损失。本文从关联企业的界定,转让定价的动机、方式、模型和危害等方面浅析了内资关联企业的转让定价,并提出了相应的对策。     

我国推行预约定价制的必要性分析

转移价格是指某公司在与关联企业进行交易时所遵照的价格.关联企业既可能是从属关系,也可能是共同隶属于第三方.转移定价作为跨国公司转移利润的重要工具,受到了各国政府的关注.     

商品贸易中的转让定价与税基侵蚀:来自我国对外投资企业的实证检验

文章利用2000~2010年海关出口数据和对外直接投资名录,在微观层面上识别了中国对外直接投资企业出口商品环节通过转让定价进行避税,侵蚀我国企业所得税税基。研究发现:(1)中国对外直接投资企业在出口贸易中正在利用转让定价进行避税,具体表现为,出口目的国税率每低于我国1%,关联交易价格会显著下降0.002%,半弹性为-0.002;(2)中国对外签署的双重征税协定对企业转让定价避税有明显的抑制作用;(3)企业转让定价避税在不同所有制企业中存在异质性,具体表现为,国有企业相对民营企业和外资企业来说转让定价避税程度更大。     

商品贸易中的转让定价与税基侵蚀:来自我国对外投资企业的实证检验北大核心CSSCISSCI

文章利用2000~2010年海关出口数据和对外直接投资名录,在微观层面上识别了中国对外直接投资企业出口商品环节通过转让定价进行避税,侵蚀我国企业所得税税基。研究发现:(1)中国对外直接投资企业在出口贸易中正在利用转让定价进行避税,具体表现为,出口目的国税率每低于我国1%,关联交易价格会显著下降0.002%,半弹性为-0.002;(2)中国对外签署的双重征税协定对企业转让定价避税有明显的抑制作用;(3)企业转让定价避税在不同所有制企业中存在异质性,具体表现为,国有企业相对民营企业和外资企业来说转让定价避税程度更大。     

外商投资企业逆向避税问题与对策

逆向避税是我国外商投资企业采用的主要避税方式。外商投资企业把利润逆向转移到境外高税区,追求的是资本转移及逃避预期风险等非税收目标。这给国家和中方投资者带来了双重的经济利益损失,扰乱了我国的经济秩序,应通过完善转让定价法规等,有效防范外商投资企业的逆向避税问题,维护我国的经济权益。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上,尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能,资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标,以求真实反映银行经营的成果,有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系,从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.