建设项目的时间-成本均衡优化

建设项目成本控制传统的方法存在诸多不足,不能很好地控制成本超支、工期延长等现象。由于建设项目中的活动排序与成本投入之间存在着均衡关系,即项目活动的时间—成本均衡关系,这种均衡关系形成了建设项目实施过程中成本控制的重要基础。通过时间—成本的优化组合,可以有效控制建设项目的成本。     

工期因素对造价成本控制的影响

建设项目工期与造价成本控制的冲突在我国建设领域实践中非常常见,这反映出二者均衡决策在于理论研究上的缺失,以及制度上的不完善.为此,本文结合个案工程就如何均衡二者关系提出了探讨.     

矿建施工企业项目成本管理

矿建施工企业必须克服项目成本管理中存在的与决策不相配比,成本控制不全面、不连续,工期成本、不可预见成本 被忽视等不足,以中标价为依据,建立和完善目标成本管理体系,对项目成本进行有效控制,才能在竞争日趋激烈的矿建市场 中谋求生存与发展。     

浅谈工程项目成本管理对策及途径

工程成本管理要有效益必须知道如何处理工期与成本的关系,施工项目成本管理工作中的一个重要课题.即工期成本的管理与控制对施工企业和施工项目经理部来说,并不是越短越好,而是需要通过对工期的合理调整来寻求最佳工期点成本,把工期成本控制在最低点     

浅论施工工期与施工质量及成本的关系

建筑项目施工工期的确定是当今世界建筑业中普遍存在的问题,对于国内工程项目建设而言,这个问题尤为突出.本文介绍了施工工期、成本及质量三者之间的关系.由此推出,施工企业必须正确处理好工程质量、工期、成本之间的关系,制定切实可行而又经济的项目实施目标,对工程项目进行资源配置和工期优化、成本分析与工期优化     

浅论施工工期与施工质量及成本的关系

建筑项目施工工期的确定是当今世界建筑业中普遍存在的问题,对于国内工程项目建设而言,这个问题尤为突出本文介绍了施工工期、成本及质量三者之问的关系.由此推出,施工企业必须正确处理好工程质量、工期、成本之间的关系,制定切实可行而又经济的项目实施目标,对工程项目进行资源配置和工期优化、成本分析与工期优化     

浅谈项目成本管理中的几个常见问题

目前施工项目成本管理的局限性主要表现在以下两个方面：控制范围狭窄。成本控制主要集中在财务成本，即直接人工费、直接材料费和直接机械台班费等几个项目上。未能将与工程项目有直接关系且能直接影响工程效益的质量成本、工期成本和不可预见成本纳入项目成本管理范畴，这是项目施工成本管理的一个误区。对某一个具体的工程项目，应认真分析和处理工程的工期、质量和成本三者之间的关系，即首先从总体上考虑生产成本、工期成本及质量成本间的相互影响和平衡关系；其次是针对生产成本的管理与控制，即对工、料、机的控制。     

浅谈如何加强施工项目成本控制

提高经济效益是企业经营生存不变的主题,施工项目成本控制是企业内部加强经营管理、提高经济效益的主要手段之一,因此在保证项目工期、质量和安全的前提下,如何将项目的实际成本控制在预算范围内是一项重要的工作。施工项目成本控制通过控制工程直接成本、管理成本、增加预算收入和利润来实现。下面结合个人工作实际,谈谈自己对施工项目成本控制的认识：     

铁路项目责任成本测算

铁路项目通常由于其工期长、情况变化大及材料设备多等特点,在进行责任成本测算时较为困难,针对此问题,本文首先分析研究了责任成本测算的含义及原则,在此基础上结合铁路项目特点给出了铁路项目责任成本测算的一般方法,并强调在实际工作中应多结合实际合理、正确的做好责任成本测算工作.     

浅谈施工成本管理的措施

有效的项目成本管理，对于施工企业的生存与发展极其重要。通常来说，在满足工程质量工期要求的前提下。不断降低项目成本，是项目成本管理的主要目标。     

“Tell me what you need”: signaling with limited resources

We study the project allocation mechanisms trade-off between minimizing the waste of resources in the application process and maximizing the match of needs and projects when the recipient’s needs and resources are private information. We propose a signaling mechanism where the set of signals available to each agent is constrained by his capacity and by his truthful need of the project. The principal can control, at a given cost, the agent’s application cost and the utility of receiving the project by non-needy agents. Our findings suggest that there exists a threshold in the principal’s budget such that for smaller budgets, all instruments are used in the optimal mechanism, while for bigger budgets the optimal application complexity is independent of the budget and waste of resources is a decreasing share of the resources available.     

On the conception and measurement of trade-off in engineering systems: A case study of the aircraft design process

One of the most common forms of systems analysis is analysis of trade-off. However, few if any studies have been made of longitudinal trade-off, i.e., process of trade-off over time. An understanding of the process of trade-off would seem to be a prerequisite to development of a theory of the evolution of complex systems. In the present study an attempt is made in this direction. An illustrative case of aircraft design process is studied. Three distinct contributions are offered. First, the Pareto distribution is proposed as a relevant asymptotic model of the process of trade-off. Second, the constant parameter (fixed coefficient) assumption in the existing models of the evolution of complex systems is indicated to be a convenience that is not justified by the evidence. Third, the thesis is advanced that in many cases forseeing a breakthrough in systems design and engineering is possible by means of an analysis of residuals in a “properly specified” dimensional analytic framework. More generally, it is suggested that evolution of complex systems is best understood in a dimensional analytic framework. Implications of the results for the actual systems design, R & D project assessment and establishing engineering standards are noted.     

财务控制权配置:目标及实现机制

本文从经济学的角度分析后认为,企业财务控制权配置的目标是集体决策成本、知识成本与代理成本综合权衡的结果,然后以此为基础,对企业财务控制权配置的演变进行了探讨.本文最后还对现代公司财务控制权配置目标的实现途径进行了具体分析,认为财务控制权配置目标的实现不仅需要公司权力机关在形式与实质上的分权与制衡,还需要若干具体的措施与机制.     

The entanglement of time and cost deviations in public projects

There is growing concern regarding cost and time overruns in public projects. However, despite the extensive literature on the subject, there is relatively little research on the impact of time overruns on cost overruns. This study assesses whether larger time deviations can lead to larger cost deviations. Our hypothesis is that a project with a time overrun is more likely to also have a cost overrun. The authors used a sample of 208 projects in Portugal, with data collected from the Portuguese Court of Auditors. Using the data, a number of econometric models were developed: Ordinary Least Squares, Generalized Linear Model, Tobit, and Probit. The instrumented variables and structural equation modelling techniques were applied to address potential endogeneity in the data. The analysis was controlled for factors such as political, governance, economic, and project variables. The results suggest that larger time deviations are associated with larger cost deviations. The inference is that projects that take longer to complete also tend to suffer from cost overruns.     

论建筑项目成本管理

项目成本管理是一个复杂的系统工程,是一个动态管理过程。项目管理过程中时刻都应重视成本管理,以便企业获得更大经济效益,在竞争中立于不败之地。施工项目管理的目标是实现生产出合格工程产品和使企业获得良好的综合效益,同时施行成本控制,施工项目管理与项目成本控制是相辅相成的,只有加强施工项目管理,才能控制项目成本;也只有达到项目成本控制的目的,加强施工项目管理才有意义。     

A Markup Interpretation of Optimal Investment Rules

We re-examine the basic investment problem of deciding when to incur a sunk cost to obtain a stochastically fluctuating benefit. The optimal investment rule satisfies a trade-off between a larger versus a later net benefit; we show that this trade-off is closely analogous to the standard trade-off for the pricing decision of a firm that faces a downward sloping demand curve. We reinterpret the optimal investment rule as a markup formula involving an elasticity that has exactly the same form as the formula for a firm's optimal markup of price over marginal cost. This is illustrated with several examples.     

The political economy of urban transport-system choice

This paper analyzes the political economy of transport-system choice, with the goal of gaining an understanding of the forces involved in this important urban public policy decision. Transport systems pose a continuous trade-off between time and money cost, so that a city can choose a fast system with a high money cost per mile or a slower, cheaper system. The paper compares the socially optimal transport system to the one chosen under the voting process, focusing on both homogeneous and heterogeneous cities, while considering different landownership arrangements. The analysis identifies a bias toward underinvestment in transport quality in heterogeneous cities.     

Cooperative research,government involvement,and timing of innovations

Government involvement in the innovation process, both direct and indirect, is introduced into a standard innovation time-cost trade-off model. Different forms of involvement are treated and each form entails cooperation between the firm and the government. The optimal development time (or project completion date) is determined and analyzed parametrically. This analysis produced five hypotheses concerning the effect of government involvement on the timing of innovations. Selected empirical applications (or tests) of the hypotheses are presented and then concluding remarks are made.     

Crime and punishment: a note on instrumental violence

This article proposes the existence of a trade-off between time and violence in the production of illegal returns. The use of violence is perceived as a rational decision, subjected to cost (Increased severity of punishment) and benefit (reduced probability of conviction) considerations. The note examines the relations between violence and the attitude toward risk, and between violence and deterrence, emphasizing the role of prior detection of illegally carried weapons in combating violence.