植物新品种的品种权保护探析

随着植物新品种在促进农业生产中所发挥的越来越重要的作用,国际社会对植物新品种的知识产权保护日益重视。品种权保护是植物新品种知识产权保护的新模式,已经为国际社会所广泛采用。品种权保护制度作为植物新品种保护的基本制度,为包括中国在内的许多国家所采用。中国已经建立起以《中华人民共和国植物新品种保护条例》为中心的植物新品种品种权保护的基本法律制度。     

中国知识产权保护制度建设纵向考察

改革开放以来,中国抓紧推进知识产权保护制度建设,目前已初步建成一个较完整的知识产权法律体系,并逐步与国际标准接轨。中国已颁布《中华人民共和国商标法》、《中华人民共和国专利法》、《中华人民共和国著作权法》,并多次进行修订,还推出相关实施细则和条例来保证这些法律的实施。同时,对其他知识产权也采取了保护措施。今后,将进一步完善商标、专利、著作权和其他知识产权保护制度,严肃查处知识产权违法侵权行为,促使知识产权保护工作达到国际先进水平。     

我国中小企业法律制度的完善

文章从制定中小企业基本法律并完善与其配套的法规、中小企业法与相关法律法规的配套协调、建立与完善中小企业保障机制、建立健全中小企业法律实施体系几个方面 ,详尽探讨了我国中小企业法律制度的完善。     

我国绿色专利法律调控机制研究

为应对气候变暖,发达国家通过不断完善绿色专利方面的法律法规、推行强制许可制度等措施,形成了绿色技术领域各具特色的保护模式,有力推动了绿色专利的发展。然而,目前我国绿色专利的立法、司法和国际制度环境均不完善,与发达国家相比存在诸多不足。从法律调控角度出发,研究了美、日、英等绿色专利强国的实践,通过借鉴发达国家法律调控经验,结合我国绿色专利存在的问题,提出应从提高立法保障水平、完善执法保护体制、合理实施强制许可、建设快速通道等方面促进我国绿色专利发展。     

瑞典科技安全风险相关立法和实践情况简介

2017年以来,瑞典对原有的安全保护法进行了3次修订,并出台数据保护法,加强出口管控,收紧安全防范措施,不断加强对国家安全、科技安全、数据安全的保护。瑞典科技安全相关法律法规政策的调整对中瑞之间商业活动、科研合作有着重要影响,本文将就瑞典安全保护法修订条款、数据保护法、出口管制等与科技安全相关法律法规的最新动态进行分析介绍。科技安全领域相关法律法规、政策制度的变化需要政府、企业、科研机构、法律从业者、中间机构共同关注,并做出适应性调整。     

瑞典在国际科技合作中的知识产权保护

知识产权保护的立法瑞典知识产权保护法律法规体系是随着国际知识产权的法律法规和瑞典现代法律体系的建立和完善逐步建立起来的。瑞典先后加入了国际专利条约(IPC)、专利合作条约(PCT)和欧洲专利条约(EPC),在此基础上通过不断制定和修改知识产权保护的法律法规,已经建立了一套完善的与国际接轨的知识产权保护法律法规体系和知识产权制度。1960年,瑞典颁布了《商标法》和《版权法》,1967年颁布了《专利保护法》,1970年颁布了《工业设计保护法》。在这些基本法的基础上,还先后制定了有关细则。1993年,制定了《版权法实施细则》和专门处理…     

浅谈民营科技企业知识产权保护

经过20多年的发展,民营科技企业在各方面得到了迅猛的发展,知识产权保护在我国民营科技企业中越来越被关注。知识产权保护是指依照现行法律法规,对侵犯知识产权的行为进行制止和打击。社会、经济要持续发展只有依靠知识、技术创新,而技术创新只有依靠有效的知识产权保护。完善的知识产权保护法律制度也是推动民营科技企业健康发展的重要政策手段。     

我国农业投资的法律保护研究

发展农业,一靠政策,二靠科技,三靠投入。实际上,政策和科技也要求投入作保障,因此农业投资是农业发展中的重要问题。农业投资不仅要靠政策,更需要坚实的法律保护,然而我国当前并没有完善的农业投资法律保护体系,应当加大农业投资法律保护的力度。     

植物新品种保护有利于缩小南北农业生产率差距吗?

本文通过构建理论模型和经验研究框架探究发展中国家实行植物新品种保护是否有利于收敛其与发达国家间的农业生产率差距.结果发现:发展中国家实行植物新品种保护有利于促进南北农业生产率差距收敛,这意味着植物新品种保护对农业技术转移的积极影响大于对技术溢出的抑制作用;发展中国家遵从UPOV法案、免除育种者特权、扩大专利保护范围对农业生产率追赶存在积极影响,而实行免除农民特权和提高植物品种保护周期会对农业生产率追赶产生一定抑制作用.进一步研究发现,发展中国家植物新品种保护与南北农业生产率差距收敛性之间存在非线性特征,更严格的保护强度会降低农业生产率追赶的边际增长效率.     

我国植物新品种权申请授权状况分析

良种是发展现代农业的基础,植物新品种保护是国家知识产权战略和科技兴农战略的重要组成部分.对1999-2011年的数据进行了分析,我国植物品种权申请、授权呈现出逐步上升的趋势,反映了我国农业科技创新活动不断增强的良好态势.从植物种类来看,植物新品种正在从以大田作物为主向多元化转变,但品种结构仍需进一步优化.从申请单位性质来看,企业日益成为我国农业科技创新的主体,但面临着越来越激烈的来自国外企业的竞争.从地区来看,我国各地植物新品种权申请、授权状况存在较大差异,有些地区对于植物新品种开发研究及保护意识较为薄弱,各地植物新品种权申请的质量存在较大差异,应制定相应的政策强化农业科技创新.     

Agricultural Biotechnology in the European Union: Alternative Technologies and Economic Outcomes

All seed firms in six EU countries were surveyed in May 1999 to determine how seed development budgets were distributed across three crop development technologies and the effects of the type of technology in use on employment, sales and exports. The results indicate that an evaluation of the economic consequences of an emergent technology such as genetic engineering should both consider the effect of competitive alternative technologies and survey all firms within the sector, rather than focusing on a subset of high technology firms. Only about 10% of the combined 1999 research budget of European seed firms was spent on genetic engineering, although this should increase to about 15% by 2002. Alternative technologies to develop new plant varieties, such as conventional plant breeding and conventional breeding combined with techniques that were developed for genetic engineering, are considerably more important economically. In fact, there is no difference in expected employment and sales per development employee by the type of technology in use, while export rates are highest among firms that combine conventional plant breeding with advanced techniques.     

Agricultural Biotechnology in the European Union: Alternative Technologies and Economic Outcomes

All seed firms in six EU countries were surveyed in May 1999 to determine how seed development budgets were distributed across three crop development technologies and the effects of the type of technology in use on employment, sales and exports. The results indicate that an evaluation of the economic consequences of an emergent technology such as genetic engineering should both consider the effect of competitive alternative technologies and survey all firms within the sector, rather than focusing on a subset of high technology firms. Only about 10% of the combined 1999 research budget of European seed firms was spent on genetic engineering, although this should increase to about 15% by 2002. Alternative technologies to develop new plant varieties, such as conventional plant breeding and conventional breeding combined with techniques that were developed for genetic engineering, are considerably more important economically. In fact, there is no difference in expected employment and sales per development employee by the type of technology in use, while export rates are highest among firms that combine conventional plant breeding with advanced techniques.     

ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND SCOPE AND THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CHINA'S AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM*

This article investigates economies of scale and scope and other potential sources of improvements in the economic efficiency of China's crop breeding, an industry at the heart of the nation's food economy. Using data covering 46 wheat‐ and maize‐breeding institutes from 1981 to 2000, we estimate cost functions for the production of new varieties at China's wheat‐ and maize‐breeding institutes. Our results indicate strong economies of scale, along with small to moderate economies of scope related to the joint production of new wheat and maize varieties. Cost efficiency increases significantly with increases in the breeders' educational status and with increases in access to genetic materials from outside the institute.     

论城市形象的旅游导向性

城市形象是近年来城市科学和城市规划界探讨的热点。城市形象建设不仅是城市经济发展、改善投资软环境的新思路、新方法，而且是促进区域旅游发展的重要举措，城市形象策划、定位、行销的旅游导向性发展趋势也越来越明显。如何正确认识城市形象的旅游导向性，使城市形象更好地发挥促进城市及区域经济发展的作用是当前城市城市形象研究的新课题。     

日本农业领域生物技术的研究开发与应用

进入新世纪,日本将生物技术产业纳入国家经济发展的最重要产业之一,政府和民间通过各种方式全力推进其技术研发和成果产业化进程。 在农业领域,日本虽然在基因育种等个别领域起步较晚,但凭借其在尖端技术研发和资金投入等方面的实力,农业生物技术的研发水平在短期内迅速提高,综合研发能力和许多单项技术水平已处于世界前列。基因组研究和转基因技术开发不断取得突破性进展,功能食品开发成果显著,胚胎移植和克隆技术已实际应用,利用不同生物手段育成大量的动植物新品种。许多研发成果已成功转化并实现产业化,生物技术在日本的现代化农业中起愈加重要的作用。 本文概述了目前日本农业生物技术的发展战略和政策措施,以及种植、畜产、水产等六大领域生物技术的研发现状和最新进展,并对农业生物技术主要研发机构的情况作了简要介绍。     

What about the Elephant in the Room? Varieties of Capitalism,Varieties in Capitalism

Conceived as considerably broader than simply the Varieties of Capitalism framework, I argue that the varieties of capitalism literature is premised upon an institutional reductionism which necessitates the search for a more holistic approach. In brief, if we are to explain convincingly the evolution of national political economies, then we must acknowledge that varieties of capitalism are also varieties in capitalism. In particular, Antonio Gramsci's writings on common sense enable us to focus on the role of institutions as a historical force without abandoning the system of production that they are part of. I then provide an alternative explanation, compared to the varieties of capitalism literature, of the evolution of the Dutch and German political economies in order to demonstrate the advantages of the framework I develop.     

Do firms with larger patent portfolios create more new plant varieties in the US agricultural biotechnology industry?

This article is an empirical analysis of the relationship between patent ownership and variety innovation for US agricultural biotechnology firms in the years 1976–1999. Counts of new varieties include corn, soybean, or wheat varieties protected by either patents or plant variety protection certificates, while patent portfolio size is defined as the count of a firm's gene and method patents. Negative binomial regression results indicate that firms with larger patent portfolios did not exhibit scale economies in variety creation nor did firms with wider technological diversity in their patent portfolios create significantly greater numbers of new varieties. However, firms experienced positive spillover effects from rival firms’ patent ownership, and patent ownership increases this effect. Sample firms that have merged in the past do not produce significantly greater numbers of new varieties after considering an increase in portfolio size and did not experience greater economies of scale in creating new varieties compared with firms that experienced no past mergers.     

江苏科技金融与科技创新互动发展研究

科技与金融是经济发展的两大重要引擎。界定了科技金融内涵,揭示了科技金融与科技创新的相互作用机理,利用统计数据对我国和江苏科技金融与科技创新各变量进行了单位根检验、协整检验和格兰杰因果关系检验。研究结果表明：我国科技创新能有效带动科技金融发展规模的扩大,但科技金融对科技创新发展的促进作用还不够显著,科技与金融结合还有较大提升空间;江苏科技金融能有效带动科技创新投入,科技创新产出对科技金融发展具有积极的正反馈效应,公共科技金融对科技创新发展起主导作用,市场科技金融对科技创新产出的助推作用有待增强。最后,提出了促进江苏科技金融与科技创新互动发展的对策建议。     

“后学院”语境下科学家角色分化及社会影响

在后学院科学时代，科学研究更加普遍地与产业界、政府部门相结合，科学种类和性质变得日益庞杂，原有的学院科学家角色逐渐发生分化，形成了学院科学家、产业科学家和政府科学家等多元角色并存及相互转化的发展态势。深入探讨“后学院”语境下科学家角色分化趋势、动因及社会影响，有助于更好地理解新兴技术时代科技与社会的深度互动，为进一步优化科技治理、推进创新体系建设提供理论参考。     

职业教育要积极为“三农”服务

职业教育是国民教育体系的重要组成部分,是实施科教兴国战略、促进经济社会可持续发展、促进就业和再就业、解决“三农”问题的基础;把职业教育的优势与解决“三农”问题的实际需求结合起来,积极为“三农”服务,是职业教育自身发展的需要,也是实现农业现代化和加快新农村建设的迫切要求。