劳动、价值、分配“三论”新解

在科技革命的新形势下,作者结合我国改革实践,从劳动论、劳动价值论分配论三个方面,对社会主义社会劳动和劳动价值论进行了再认识,进一步深化和发展了马克思的劳动和劳动价值论。     

考虑商业资本加入的利润平均化研究——基于转形问题各体系的理论拓展

商业资本加入后工商之间、部门之间的利润平均化问题,由于涉及纯粹流通费用补偿和价值转形这两方面难题,至今尚未得到解答.本文在对已有纯粹流通费用补偿范式分析评判和对转形问题的百年争论梳理评述的基础上,基于马克思考察商业资本时的理论抽象,构建了以商业部门为中介的社会产品转售体系和投入产出体系,在此基础上围绕遵循马克思原意且形...     

Value and capital: Austrian capital theory,retrospect and Prospect

The time is right for a reexamination of Austrian capital-theory. We attempt to capture the essence of Carl Menger’s approach to capital, highlighting the important distinction between goods and the valuable services they yield (implying that goods are valuable only because they yield valuable services) and highlighting also the importance of money in facilitating exchange and production and in providing the means to value them. We look at the capital-theory of Böhm-Bawerk and suggest that, in many respects, this was a wrong turn, although it did set in motion valuable efforts to clarify the importance of the heterogeneity of productive-resources and their growing complexity over time. We examine the production-function, micro and macro, and show that it is logically untenable and useless as an instrument for empirical investigation, and that this has been known for decades. Of the Austrians after Menger, only Mises followed Irving Fisher in focusing on valuation. He did so in the context of explaining the importance of calculation. Mises’s approach to capital has been insufficiently understood and appreciated. By way of conclusion we draw from our considerations to provide a research agenda in Austrian capital theory.     

Towards an Austro–German theory of uneven economic development? A plea for theorising by inclusion

Based on Meir Kohn’s distinction between research programmes based on ‘value’ and ‘exchange’ (2004), this paper argues for a ‘production’ paradigm based on the tradition of Menger and Schumpeter. It is suggested that this production-based programme could use, as its starting point, Schumpeter’s (Wesen und Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie, 1908) attempt to mediate in the Methodenstreit by arguing that different types of economic problems require theories at different levels of abstraction. This opens up for ‘theorising by inclusion’, an approach combining key elements both of traditional German economics and of Austrian economics in the Mengerian tradition.     

制度批判与人的解放的初始链接——马克思《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》新诠

从现代哲学的视角看,马克思《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》中具有丰富的制度批判思想。马克思企图通过这种制度批判来实现他的真正的理想和追求,即人的解放。而该著中马克思把制度批判与人的解放初始链接起来。这也使马克思从此走上历史唯物主义道路,并成为其全部理论的线索、立场和诉求。     

Marx's critique of “eternal” political economy: how Mill is alien to Marx's attacks

Marx deplored political economy's claims to establish “eternal” – or “natural” – laws. This paper seeks to defend John Stuart Mill from his critique. It argues that, contrary to what Marx alleged, these two economists have a great deal more in common on this topic than is frequently realised. Both on the theoretical level and on the political one, Mill's views about the relativity of capitalism seem very close to Marx's. This paper also suggests that Marx may have ignored Mill's insistence on the relativity of economic theories because it may have challenged his own “scientific socialism”.     

马克思资本循环公式的一个新解——一个与新制度经济学结合的视角

马克思的资本循环总公式为G—W…P…W’-G’,它从整体上表现了货币资本、生产资本和商品资本经过一系列互相联系、互为条件的转化而不断循环往复的过程。在这个过程中,预付价值不仅保存了,而且还增值了。但是,我们也看到,马克思资本循环公式忽略了交易成本的存在,尤其是其生产过程没有从微观层面对企业内部权威如何配置资源加以分析。因此须将新制度经济学分析纳入马克思理论的分析框架中,强调交易成本理论和代理理论在马克思经济学中的重要性。     

On the origin of money,or Menger’s one-sided reading of Genovesi’s Lezioni

Abstract

By examining Menger’s interpretation of Genovesi’s arguments on the origin of money, this note shows that Genovesi is a subtle theorist managing to blend the Cartalist with the Mengerian approaches to the origins of money. Far from resting exclusively on the Mengerian unattended consequences of the uncoordinated behaviours of rational agents trying to minimise their transaction costs, Genovesi shows how governments can and do create fiat money with a positive value in connexion with their ability to raise taxes. For Genvesi both trust (à la Menger) and authority (à la Cartalist) are necessary to explain the positive value of money.     

Refugees as Surplus Population: Race,Migration and Capitalist Value Regimes

ABSTRACT

Refugees and migrants are often studied as though they have no relation to the racial and class structures of the societies in which they reside. They are strangers to be governed by ‘integration’ policy and border management. Refugees and migrants are, however, subjects of contemporary capitalism struggling to render themselves valuable capitalist modes of production. I study the government of refugees and migrants in order to examine capitalist value regimes. Societal values and hierarchies reflected in capitalist modes of production impact on struggles of racialised subaltern groups to translate body power into valued labour. Marx’s account of surplus populations points to the common marginalisations of people called ‘refugees’ and other subaltern groups struggling to translate their body power into valorised labour. The essay includes a study of the gentrification of a district in Budapest, and its transformation into a means for the reproduction of capital, leading to the marginalisation of groups who no longer fit the new value regimes. Studying refugees as surplus populations allows for a sense of the common marginalisations of subaltern and racialised groups before capitalism, and questions the treatment of refugees and migrants as ‘strangers’.     

马克思对沉淀成本概念的分析及其意义

虽然马克思没有使用沉淀成本这一概念,但已认识到沉淀成本的本质特征——成本补偿或价值实现问题。因此,从马克思价值实现角度扩展西方学者对沉淀成本概念的理解,不仅突破了西方学者沉淀成本概念仅仅与资产特征和市场交易成本相关的局限性,而且将沉淀成本和生产过程与产品价值实现联系起来,从而纳入社会再生产运动过程中。从马克思价值实现角度出发,再次回到投资生产上来,充分理解影响沉淀成本的诸多因素,为政府制定政策或制度安排提供一种新的分析视角,在于避免出现沉淀成本,形成良好的再生产过程。     

Joan Robinson as a teacher

Sraffa's construct, the standard commodity, responds to Ricardo's search for an ‘invariable’ measure of value, since it is a measurement unit invariant to changes in distribution. But Sraffa suggests that there is no ‘counterpart,’ no analogous search or needed construct, for the ‘problem’ of ‘difference’ as distinct from change (‘why two commodities produced by the same quantities of labour are not of the same exchangeable value’). Difference in this sense is crucial to Marx, who distinguishes value and surplus-value from capitalist price and profit in part in order to theorize differences as systematic value transfers. In that effort, Marx repeatedly poses commodities and capitals as ‘aliquot parts’ of the whole, so that profit is a redistributed share of aggregate surplus-value. This paper shows that, when Marx's aliquot part imagery is formalized, the resulting hypothetical system represents a meaningful ‘counterpart,’ a construct with a function in Marx's analysis of difference comparable to that of Sraffa's standard commodity in analyzing distributional change. A Marxian ‘standard system’ posing each commodity as an aliquot part of the social capital (a) defines the needed labor-time unit of social account by homogenizing heterogeneous concrete labors as socially average (‘abstract’) labor while simultaneously (b) allowing the derivation of exchange-value (e.g., capitalist production price) on that scale via summation of directly and indirectly embodied labor. Indeed, Marx's approach to production prices as resulting from an inter-industry redistribution of aggregate surplus-value is shown to be algebraically identical to the calculation of labor-embodied under ‘aliquot part’ production conditions.     

论“国际价值”的实体性和伦理意义

从分析马克思所处的历史时代背景和国际经济学需研究区分"国际"与"国内"的观点出发,指出严格意义上的马克思所指的"国际价值"是不具有实体性的。通过平均利润的计算,可以得到一种逐渐趋近计算"国际价值"的方法。而"国际价值"却具有很强的指导国际公平的伦理意义。当然,"国际价值"是个历史的概念,随着国际经济交往愈加频繁,它的实体性已经大大增强了。     

The economics of Frank H. Knight: An Austrian interpretation

This paper interprets, in the modern Austrian economics perspective, Frank H. Knight's three core contributions; namely, economic methodology, theories of human action, uncertainty and entrepreneurship. Though Knight is regarded as one of the founding fathers of the Chicago School of economics, this paper argues that Knight's contributions are essentially Austrian. Influenced by William James, Henri Bergson and Max Weber, Knight's subjectivist economics can be seen as a link between Carl Menger and Ludwig von Mises in the history of Austrian subjectivism. This paper further suggests that Knight may be more appropriately located in the Austrian-German School, for the reason that the term “Austrian School” is too narrow to accommodate german influences. This paper concludes that Knight's legacies have left much to be appreciated by neoclassical mainstream economists in general and Austrian economists in particular. The author thanks Dian Kwan for her proof reading in this essay.     

Money as a Generic Particular: Marx and Simmel on the Structure of Monetary Denominations

ABSTRACT

This article is concerned with the structure of monetary denominations of economic value. Marx and Simmel analyze this structure by means of references to objects of mere catallactic validity. These objects are ontologically atypical insofar as they are particulars of the genus commodity. Understanding money through generic particulars elucidates the conceptual link between money as a unit of account and money as a means of payment. This initially perplexing idea captures a fundamental characteristic of money without committing to either a commodity theory or a claim theory of money. A modification of the notion ‘commodity’ allows for a conception of money as a generic particular that is consistent with contemporary accounts of money as abstract purchasing power residing in different forms of liabilities and claims denominated in a common quantitative scale.     

马克思和恩格斯的法经济学思想探析

对法律进行经济分析并非是波斯纳等西方法经济学者的专利,马克思和恩格斯在自己的多部著作中早就形成和发展了自己的法经济学思想。与西方法经济学相比,马恩法经济学思想虽也关注法律效率,但它却是以历史唯物主义为内核,运用整体主义方法论来探讨人类社会法律制度的整体变迁,较为宏观抽象。可以说,马克思和恩格斯不仅开创了法经济分析的唯物主义先河,而且还为西方法经济学学科的形成奠定了深厚的理论基础。他们两人堪称法经济学的伟大先驱。     

Incommensurability of Economic Paradigms: A case study of the monetary theories of Mises and Marx

Influenced by postmodern philosophy, economists have held that substantive propositions made by rival schools of economics are parts of 'incommensurable paradigms'. The incommensurability thesis implies that one cannot cross evaluate or adjudicate between substantive propositions made within rival paradigms. This paper provides a framework to examine the tenets of the incommensurability thesis through a comparative case study of the rival monetary theories of Ludwig von Mises and Karl Marx. Section 1 presents the case for the incommensurability of economic paradigms as postmodernists and their predecessors assert. It defines three elements that constitute an economic paradigm? starting points, methodological procedures, and conceptual schemes. Sections 2, 3 and 4 examine whether the three paradigmatic elements in the monetary theories of Mises and Marx are incommensurable. Section 5 concludes by drawing implications for paradigm (in)commensurability.     

Marx,Sraffa, and Surplus: Observations Prompted by Garegnani (2018)

ABSTRACT

In a posthumously published article, Pierangelo Garegnani (2018. ‘On the Labour Theory of Value in Marx and in the Marxist Tradition.’) depicts Marx’s project in Capital as that of ‘developing systematically the theory of Ricardo and [the] implications of social conflict’ implied by Ricardo’s ‘surplus approach to value and distribution’. This paper argues to the contrary that Marx’s theory of surplus value and exploitation differs from (neo-)Ricardian surplus theory in fundamental ways, and modifies Garegnani’s simple Sraffian model to illustrate the distinctive implications of Marx’s theory.     

Joan Robinson on Marx

This paper examines Joan Robinson's writings on Marx in order, first, to elucidate the nature of her interpretation of Marx, and, secondly, to consider the significance of Marx for her own research agenda. By focusing on the topics of value theory, effective demand and accumulation, the paper argues that Robinson's numerous criticisms of Marx are best viewed as being constructive, rather than destructive. She not only drew upon Marx for inspiration, but also endeavoured to pull Marx back into a position of prominence within economics so that his contributions can be put to use by those seeking to augment our understanding of capitalism.     

马克思价值形成理论的新探索

马克思价值形成理论的缺陷是活劳动范畴的非历史性。马克思完成从本质上认识活劳动如何形成价值时,活劳动范畴达到了思维的抽象便停止了,没有把活劳动从抽象再上升到具体,这就造成了马克思价值形成理论缺乏能够与现实的具体相对应的关于活劳动的思维的具体,解释停留在本质上而对现实缺乏解释力。创立马克思价值形成理论的第四个原理,即劳动价值形成方式原理,将活劳动从抽象上升到具体,揭示活劳动的历史性,用以从形式上说明活劳动如何形成价值。