Aggregation of Directional Distance Functions and Industrial Efficiency

Three main objectives are pursued in this paper. First, we intend to analyze the aggregation problem of directional distance functions from a constructive viewpoint. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions concerning the structural properties of the production technology and of the nature of groups of firms. Indeed, exact additive aggregation holds for a linear technology and for a direction solely defined in the output space. Second, since these conditions are somewhat restrictive, we are interested in providing a measure for the aggregation bias through the relationship between industrial and structural technical efficiency. Finally, we show that this aggregation bias is a lower bound for industrial allocative efficiency.     

经济效益与生态效益的相互关系及其量化分析

随着市场经济的深入发展,对生态环境的破坏日益加剧,以牺牲环境为代价的经济发展已越来越不被人们所接受.严峻的现实要求我们必须走可持续发展之路,实现经济效益与生态效益的双赢.通过对经济效益与生态效益相互关系的剖析,定量研究经济效益与生态效益的变动,可得出经济效益和生态效益先同向变化,而后反向变向变化的特征.     

公共利益与道德恐怖主义

在我们的社会中,从来就不欠缺善于撒谎和作秀的“行为艺术家”,也从来不缺少驯服和麻木的灵魂,缺少的是真性情的自然表达和健康的对话机制,缺少的是对打着公共利益旗号假公济私现象的习惯性警惕,缺少的是从日常生活开始韧性的反抗,从而试图建设一个相对真实的社会的努力。     

Distance and International Banking

This paper asks how important distance is as a determinant of international banking and whether distance has become less important over time. If technological progress has lowered information costs and if information costs increase in distance, the importance of distance should have declined. I use data on assets and liabilities of commercial banks from five countries (France, Germany, Italy, UK, and US) in 50 host countries for the years 1983–99 to test this hypothesis. Generally, I find that banks hold significantly lower assets in distant markets and that the importance of distance for the foreign asset holdings of banks has not changed.     

Behavioral Economics and Benefit Cost Analysis

This paper provides a brief review of the theory of benefit cost analysis and then discusses proposals by economists calling for developing a new foundation for applied welfare economics. These proposals assume individual choices cannot be reconciled with coherent preferences. As a result, applied welfare economics must consider a different basis for defining the public tradeoffs to be used in project evaluation. This analysis concludes none of the available proposals meets the needs for policy evaluation with benefit cost analysis. The paper also offers a different explanation for the seemingly incoherent preferences implied by some choices. The last part of the paper reports the results of laboratory experiments intended to evaluate whether market outcomes would allow analysts to discriminate among alternative hypothesis for seemingly irrational choices.     

Sickness Absence and Local Benefit Cultures

In many countries, sickness absence financed by generous insurance benefits is an important concern in the policy debate. There are strong variations in absence behavior among local geographical areas. Such variations are difficult to explain in terms of observable socioeconomic factors. In this paper, we investigate whether such variations are related to group effects in the form of social interaction among individuals within neighborhoods. Well‐known methodological problems arise when trying to answer this question. A special feature of our efforts to deal with these problems is that we adopt several alternative approaches to identify group effects. Our study is based on a rich set of Swedish panel data, and we find indications of group effects in each of our approaches.     

Distance Decay Functions for Iconic Assets: Assessing National Values to Protect the Health of the Great Barrier Reef in Australia

The aim of this study was to estimate the values to protect the health of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) at the national level and to examine the effects of distance decay on valuation estimates. Two choice-modelling experiments were conducted in six locations: a regional town within the GBR catchment area (Townsville); Brisbane, the state capital approximately 450?km from the southern limit of the GBR; and four other capital cities (Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth) ranging from nearly 1,000?km to over 4,000?km from Brisbane. Value estimates from a pooled model suggest that the average WTP across Australian households is $21.68 per household per annum for 5?years, and that those values are higher for respondents with higher levels of education and income, respondents who live in Queensland, respondents who live further away, and respondents who plan to visit more often in the future. For this nationally important iconic asset, apparent distance decay effects appear to be explained by variations in future usage and state responsibility, rather than proximity.     

Economic Distance and Cross-Country Spillovers

Rates of long-run economic growth are not independent across countries. To account for this dependence we decompose the spatial covariance function of growth rates into a function of each countrys own observable characteristics, its unobservable characteristics, and cross-country spillovers. We use original data on economic distance to structure observed variation in countries long term growth rates. We use this structure to estimate the magnitude of economic interdependence among nations, and to give a nonparametric characterization of the relationship between economic distance and the magnitude of cross-country spillovers. These spillovers turn out to be quite important, accounting for more of the spatial covariance in growth rates than unobservable variables, and by some measures rivalling the importance of the countrys own observable characteristics.     

Means-Testing the Child Benefit

Improving the distributional impact of transfers may be costly if it reduces labor supply. In this paper we show how effects of changes in the design of the child benefit program can be examined by employing information from behavioral and non-behavioral simulations on micro data. The direct distributional effects are assessed by tax-benefit model calculations, while female labor supply responses to alternative child benefit schemes are simulated under the assumption that choices are discrete. Distributional effects after labor supply responses are also shown. The study confirms that greater targeting of the child benefit is traded against reductions in female labor supply.     

效益农业与农业现代化建设

针对浙江省农业发展的现状，提出效益农业是推进农业现代化建设的突破口。回顾成功的实践，探讨进一步发展的思路和对策。     

Cost Benefit Analysis in Theory and Practice

Cost benefit analysis evaluates investment proposals from within the public sector. This article explains the relevant theory and provides a real world example.     

Child Benefit Payments and Household Wealth Accumulation

Using the life‐cycle/permanent income hypothesis, we theoretically and empirically assess the impact of child benefit payments on household wealth accumulation. Consistent with the predictions of the model, we find that higher cumulative benefits received increase current assets, higher future benefit payments lower asset holding, and that these effects systematically vary over the life cycle. We find different wealth responses to child benefit payments for liquidity constrained and unconstrained households, as predicted by the model.     

企业生态效益及其实现机制探讨

追求生态效益的企业在生产过程中不断减少污染,减少原料与资源的消耗,生产出更符合社会需求的产品和服务,最终获得了长期的市场绩效。制定一系列实现生态效益的策略,可使政府、企业、产业及消费者降低其经济活动的成本,持续增加社会福利。本文以生态效益和循环经济基本理论为基础,分析了企业与政府推动生态效益实现的机制及政策。     

资产质量和收益质量及其分析

通过财务会计报告判断一个企业的财务状况和经营成果，我们一般着眼于定量信息，传递的财务分析人员也总是埋头于一些财务比率的计算。实际上，资产质量和收益质量对准确判断企业的财务状况和经营成果非常有帮助。有时候，报表中隐含的这些质量信息甚至能根本否定我们通过定量信息获得的结论。本文分别定义了“资产质量”、“收益质量”，并在此基础上对其信息内容、分析方法以及它们在报表分析中的主要作用做了说明。     

从“底线型”利益到“增长型”利益——农民工利益诉求的转变与劳资关系秩序

广东南海本田工人的罢工标志着农民工的利益诉求正从“底线型”利益向“增长型”利益转变。“底线型”利益受法规保护并有清晰的利益标准,“增长型”利益没有正式的法规保护和清晰的利益标准。“底线型”利益纠纷,个体可以通过仲裁和诉讼来解决,而“增长型”利益纠纷没有仲裁和诉讼的通道,只能依靠集体力量得到解决。虽然集体谈判日益成为解决“增长型”利益纠纷的机制,但是“谈判”只是实现“增长型”利益诉求的必要条件,并不当然地是充分条件,除非有“集体行动”的介入。建立社会主义市场经济下的劳资关系秩序,必须理清罢工的法律地位问题、罢工的权利边界问题、工会的组织效能问题。面对“底线型”利益纠纷,政府扮演的是监督者和执法者的角色,面对“增长型”利益纠纷,政府扮演的是协调者的角色。     

中国OFDI的区位决定因素——基于地理距离与文化距离的检验

中国对外直接投资(OFDI)呈明显的洲际分布不均衡特征。首先运用2003—2010年中国对40个国家(地区)OFDI的面板数据,并且引入交叉项变量进行总体检验,结果表明:地理距离和文化距离均与OFDI呈负向关系,并通过双边贸易额等因素产生传导作用。然后依据地理距离均值对样本数据进行分组检验,发现当地理距离较小时,地理距离与OFDI负向关系不变,但是随着地理距离的增大,其对OFDI的影响转而呈现正向关系。同理,文化距离分组检验也验证了门槛效应的存在,即当文化距离增大时,文化距离对OFDI的影响愈不明显,但能通过贸易间接阻碍OFDI。基于此,中国OFDI在集中于地理距离与文化距离较小的周边国家和地区的同时,应通过各种正式与非正式的贸易与文化交流,削弱文化距离对中国OFDI的间接阻碍作用,完善中国OFDI的空间格局。     

论农地的外部效益与补偿

农地农用产生显著的外部效益．只有得到社会普遍的认知以及在经济上实现激励补偿才有助于农地的有效保护并持续供给．增进社会福利。本文详述了农地对全社会的外部效益．进而探讨了相应补偿的构想．最后提出了实施补偿的政策建议。     

Age-Dependent Taxation and the Optimal Retirement Benefit Formula

Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive view of lifetime taxation including both explicit taxation through the general tax system and implicit taxation via the retirement benefit formula. Differences in productivity between individuals are unobservable, which provides a rationale for the use of distortionary taxes. It is shown that the optimal structure of age-dependent taxation can be characterized by a generalized Ramsey formula. Furthermore, the paper derives the optimal retirement benefit formula in the presence of the general tax system and examines the compatibility with the financial stability of the pension system.     

行为经济学中的公平和互惠

在经济学里,均与寡,牵涉到人类社会两种最基本和重要的活动,那就是生活资源的生产和分配。人们对于公平的认识和体会,在现实生活中屡见不鲜。用行为经济学的研究方法来探索公平问题,并将其分析纳入社会经济发展和人类伦理学的交叉领域,对个人、家庭,乃至社会和国家的稳定、发展都有着极其重要的研究意义和参考价值。     

利益博弈与不良债权的形成

在资源配置过程中,任何行为主体将按这样一种格局来配置自己可支配的资源,即在这种格局下,投入各方面和各种活动（包括支持或阻止制度变迁的活动等）的可支配资源的边际私人净收益相等。当投入的资源所产生的私人净收益与社会净收益不一致时,便会出现各种“搭便车”行为和“追逐经济租”行为,出现与外部效应相联系的资源配置不当和配置低效率。