热烈庆祝中共庑乌市委党校建校60周年

忆往昔，薪火相传镑就辉煌义乌市委党校建校60年来，始终与时代同步伐，与新中国和中国特色社会主义事业同成长，与义乌经济社会发展同奋进特别是进入新世纪以来，义乌市委党校抢抓发展机遇，围绕“特色立校、质量兴校、     

党的集中统一领导：“两个结合”的政治结晶

<正>在当代中国，把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，是马克思主义中国化的基本内涵，而党的集中统一领导是政治方面“两个结合”的集中体现。中国自古以来的“大一统”传统，在政治、经济、文化等方面都表现出与西方完全不同的独特性；优秀传统文化语境下的“集中统一”构成了中国现代化建设的历史前提，也是中国特色最显著的标志之一。     

中韩信用卡相关法律关系与挂失风险承担之比较

中韩两国信用卡业务都始于二十世纪六、七十年代，但因中国信用卡业务比较单一，而且法律法规不完善，所以同韩国的信用卡业务相比较就非常落后。韩国信用卡业务的当事人只有发卡机构、持卡人和特约商户，而中国却还有担保人。在信用卡挂失后的风险承担问题方面，韩国采取的是发卡机构承担主义，而中国采取的却是持卡人承担主义。通过对中韩信用卡法律问题的比较分析，可为中国制定完善的信用卡法律法规提供可借鉴的经验。     

关于知识经济的思考

本文在比较半个世纪经来中国同世界在原子、空间和计算机三大技术领域发展过程中，得出后较前两者发展本来有可能并驾齐趋却大大落后结论，并就可能找到的原因进行了初步分析。在此基础上提出了我国赶超世界先进水平的必经之路：在相当长的一段时间，由国家组织的类似美国原子“曼哈顿工程”、空间“阿波罗登月计划”类似的发展电脑的宏伟计划，才可能在未来的新世纪中，将知识经济跻身世界强国之林     

人文天地——通往想象的世界——读《庄子》

本文从对想象的分析入手，提出解读《庄子》的另一种方案。问题的讨论依次为：一、通过几部经典的比较，为《庄子》的体裁定位；二、把《庄子》文章“章法散漫”的现象，同想象的逻辑联系起来；三、对《庄子》故事中的人物角色进行类型分析；四、揭示对另外的生活方式的想象同建构世界的大道理的对立；五、附论相关的政治与哲学问题。作者期待，《庄子》所召唤的想象力，会阻止我们在庸常生活中精神的沉沦。     

东盟十国的投资环境分析与我国企业“走出去”战略

随着中国-东盟自由贸易区建设的逐步加强，东盟国家已成为中国企业“走出去”的重点地区之一。只有在对东盟十国投资硬环境、投资软环境比较分析的基础上，我国企业才能实施正确的“走出去”战略。本文通过对东盟十国投资硬环境、投资软环境的分析结论是，新加坡的投资环境最好，投资风险是最小的，其次为马来西亚和泰国，印尼、缅甸、束埔寨和越南等国的风险是比较大的。针对不同的投资环境，本文提出相应的企业“走出去”战略。     

国内外鼓励电子商务发展的税收政策比较

《国务院办公厅关于加快电子商务发展的若干意虬》（同办发[2005]2号）提出，“研究制定鼓励电子商务发展的财税政策。有关部门虚本着积极稳妥推进的原则，加快研究制定电子商务税费优惠政策，加强电子商务税费管理”。本文比较分析同外鼓励电子商务发展的税收政策措施，借鉴其经验，提出鼓励我同电子商务发展的税收政策建议．[编者按]     

绿色禁毒的新战略

在20世纪90年代末期，我有幸主持了国家社会科学基金课题“中国云南开展境外绿色替代发展禁毒工程效应比较研究”，并在新世纪到来的时候，将其成果总结后以《绿色禁毒的曙光》为书名公开出版。该项目研究的目的，在于总结中国云南20世纪90年代初以来的10年间，主动帮助境外缅甸北部和老挝北部罂粟种植区开展绿色替代种植和替代发展，大量减少鸦片种植面积及减轻相应的毒品生产对中国和世界危害的成效与经验，并用以同泰王国开展的长达30多年的王室禁毒工程、南美哥伦比亚等国依靠大国实施武力铲除毒源等禁毒模式进行效应与方法方面的比较，…     

哈尔滨市阿城区农业发展的思考

阿城区地处张广才岭与松花江平原的缓冲地带，土质肥沃，物产丰饶。曾是国家500个商品粮大县之一。近年来，阿城相继荣获“中国大米之乡”、“中国大蒜之乡”等称号。但是，阿城区农业同周围县市比较均不占优势，2003年，阿城农业总产值排在市瞎县的第七位，粮食总产量排在第九位，第一位的双城132．2万吨、阿城34-7万吨（2005年粮豆薯总产量达到525万吨）。农民人均纯收入排在第五位。     

中国企业研发决策同群效应的空间计量分析

考虑到企业间策略互动对研发决策的影响，将空间面板计量模型引入同群效应实证研究。基于2013—2019年中国A股上市公司数据，构建地区、行业和财务特征3类空间权重矩阵，结果发现：中国上市公司研发投入具有明显的惯性；企业研发决策主要受同行业同群企业研发决策（内生同群效应）及其特征变量（外生同群效应）的影响，同地区和相似财务特征的同群企业可以通过特征变量（外生同群效应）对本企业研发决策产生影响；尽管企业研发牺牲了短期盈利，但对股市估值的影响显著为正，说明中国资本市场投资者已具备一定的价值投资意识，而同群企业研发投入对本企业盈利和股市估值的影响均为负，说明中国企业研发互动主要体现为竞争效应而非协同效应；在国家实施创新驱动发展战略后，企业平均研发投入强度显著提升，3类同群效应显著增强。从全局视角对中国企业研发行为进行研究，以期为企业经理人提供有关激励研发创新、提升企业价值的启示。     

Health economics of medical devices: opportunities and challenges

Expenditure on medical devices is substantial and is expected to grow in the future. This Editorial draws attention to health economic issues surrounding medical devices. To this effect, opportunities and challenges involved in the economic analysis of the market structure of medical device sectors and in the economic evaluation of medical devices are identified.

Markets for medical devices tend to be fragmented and suffer from a lack of transparency and competition. In response to this, there is extensive government intervention in many developed countries with a view to keeping down prices, restricting public reimbursement and promoting an efficient use of medical devices. Studies are called for that evaluate and compare country approaches towards regulating medical device markets with a view to informing medical-device policies.

Whereas economic evaluation of medicines is well established, and is used to inform pricing and reimbursement decisions in many developed countries, this is less the case for medical devices. There is a need for economic evaluations of medical devices with a view to demonstrating their cost effectiveness. In addition, countries need to implement frameworks for the assessment of new and emerging medical devices with a view to taking pricing and reimbursement decisions.     

The three tier strategy followed by successful European countries in the 1990s

In general, the economic performance of European countries was disappointing in the 1990s. However, country differences increased, and in some European countries economic growth matched US rates. This paper uses a set of performance indicators to carve out a group of successful European countries and to compare their economic strategies to those of the more poorly performing, big continental economies. The analysis shows that the successful countries implemented a policy mixture of cost cutting, improving institutions, and investing in future growth. We consider the first two strategy elements to be preconditions, while investment in growth drivers such as research, education and technology diffusion is the sufficient condition for long‐run growth. The difference between top and low performers is larger with respect to the dynamics of future investment than in cost cutting. In research expenditures, the top countries surpassed the big continental European countries in 1987, and have been increasing their lead steadily since that time. They are welfare states with a comprehensive social net, which they have maintained in principle, while improving institutions and incentive structures. The results are not in line with the usual twin hypotheses that high welfare costs and insufficient labour market flexibility are the main culprits in European underperformance.     

A Sectoral Approach Balancing Global Efficiency and Equity

This paper explores the idea that a properly designed sectoral approach could be the answer to two sets of constraints that hinder international agreements on climate change, namely a genuine concern from developing countries for economic growth and competitiveness issues from industrialized countries. Our sectoral approach builds on three premises: (i) cap-and-trade systems are established in industrialized countries and intensity targets in developing countries, (ii) sectors subject to international trade abide by the rules of the countries in which they trade and (iii) a fraction of the revenues from permits in industrialized countries go towards carbon mitigation in developing countries. We design an economic model that features interactions in three carbon-intensive sectors (two of which are internationally traded) and two countries (an industrialized country and a developing country). Two scenarios are constructed: an Enhanced Sectoral Approach, which refers to our proposal, and a Global Cap, which implements a uniform CO₂ price. We compare the two scenarios in terms of total welfare and equity. It is shown that, for a minor global welfare loss, the Enhanced Sectoral Approach ranks high in terms of equity for emerging countries. This approach also eliminates competitiveness and leakage issues.     

Equity and economic growth,a theoretical and empirical study: MENA zone

In macroeconomic literature, it is widely held that persuasion of economic growth and more equitable distribution of income (wealth) is not possible at the same time. The basic reason put forward is that to aim for more equitable distribution will reduce total savings in short and medium terms by reducing the weighted average of propensities to save of the different strata of the society. Therefore, the main objective for countries in transitional period is to have a higher economic growth rather than a fairer distribution of income. Recent developments on economic growth studies from a longer perspective and with sustainability criterion has put above idea in real jeopardy. It is shown that by paying more attention to justifiable distribution especially among different generations will promote a higher genuine savings which results in a higher rate of steady economic growth. In this research we use dynamic optimization approach (optimal control) for studying the mechanics of this regularity and test the proposition for selected MENA zone countries and then compare with some developed countries. Our ultimate goal is suggesting a fair fiscal policy to have a high economic growth compatible with a fairer distribution of wealth and income. It seems that any attempt to provide a more equitable condition, will be eventually reached to a higher capital formation, higher saving and higher output per capita in MENA region compared with selected developed countries.     

Poverty Reduction and Economic Structure: Comparative Path Analysis for Mozambique and Vietnam

While economic growth generally reduces income poverty, there are pronounced differences in the strength of this relationship across countries. Typical explanations for this variation include measurement errors in growth–poverty accounting and different compositions of economic growth. We explore the additional influence of economic structure in determining a country's growth–poverty relationship and performance. Using structural path analysis, we compare the experiences of Mozambique and Vietnam—two countries with similar levels and compositions of economic growth but divergent poverty outcomes. We find that the structure of the Vietnamese economy more naturally lends itself to generating broad‐based growth. A given agricultural demand expansion in Mozambique will, ceteris paribus, achieve much less rural income growth than in Vietnam. Inadequate education, trade and transport systems are found to be more severe structural constraints to poverty reduction in Mozambique than in Vietnam. Investing in these areas can significantly enhance the effectiveness of Mozambican growth to reduce poverty.     

Non-cooperative and cooperative policy reforms under uncertainty and spillovers

When countries need to implement costly economic policy reforms, these often imply uncertainties about their effectiveness for the home country and their spillovers to other countries. We develop a model to show that under these circumstances countries implement too few or too many policy reforms. From a social perspective, too many reforms follow if the spillover effects of reforms become sufficiently uncertain. Since centralization of policies to correct inefficient policies is often not possible, we look for alternative instruments that can restore the efficient level of reforms. We compare subsidizing reform efforts with insuring against bad outcomes, and argue that subsidies are advantageous in terms of requiring less information for implementation.     

Effects of Eastern European and Western technologies on LDCs: a macroeconometric analysis

Questions involving technology transfer to less developed countries (LDCs) command an increasing interest in the world today. In this paper, two macroeconometric models are developed to compare the impacts of Eastern European medium-advanced and Western most-advanced technologies on the economic growth of LDCs. The models are then used to analyse data from the Egyptian industrial sector for the period 1952–1980.     

Water accounting for the Orange River Basin: An economic perspective on managing a transboundary resource

The framework for water accounting is applied to an international river basin, the Orange River Basin, which is shared among Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and South Africa. Each of the riparian states faces water constraints and relies increasingly on shared international water resources. The countries have adopted the principle of an economic approach to water management, once basin human needs are met, and all but Lesotho have constructed national water accounts to assist in water management. The water accounts for the Orange River Basin bring an economic perspective to water management at the regional level. The accounts include supply and use tables, which are used to compare the contribution to water supply from each riparian state to the amount used. The water accounts are then linked to economic data for each country to calculate water use and productivity by industry and country. There are considerable disparities in water productivity among the countries, which should be taken into account in future decisions about water allocation, pricing and infrastructure development.     

Agricultural sector and industrial agglomeration

In many developing countries, agriculture hires at least as many workers as manufacturing industries. We investigate an economic geography model in which agricultural goods are costly to transport and in which manufactures hire labor from the local agricultural sector as unskilled labor. Our conclusions show that the parameters in the agricultural sector are crucial to determine the spatial configuration of economic activity. We provide an analytic treatment to the model. The location equilibria are compared with the first and second best outcomes.     

Managing real exchange rate for economic growth: Empirical evidences from developing countries

Abstract

This article analyses macroeconomic policies capable of influencing the long-run real exchange rate (RER). In this vein, it identifies economic policy tools that can devalue RER, covering a theoretical issue neglected by the economic literature, which argues that competitive exchange rate enhances growth. After discussing the “Trilemma,” we identify those variables that could affect RER without constraining monetary policy or exchange rate regime choice. In what follows, we model the probability of achieving an undervalued (small or large) RER for a sample of 14 developing countries from 1980 to 2010 (30?years) by applying econometric techniques for discrete choice and censored data. Afterwards, we compare the results for Latin American nations with Asian ones. They suggest that competitive exchange rate requires different approaches depending on the region. Moreover, Latin American countries need to take on additional policies so that interventions in the foreign exchange market become effective.