云贵渝农产品市场见闻

农产品市场是生产和消费的中间环节,市场价格的变化,直接影响生产者及消费者的行为和需求。农产品市场建设是一项民生工程,积极探索新形势下农产品市场建设的对策,创新市场促销模式,是市场在资源配置中起决定性作用的必然要求。     

美国农产品价格风险管理的经验及借鉴

农产品价格风险使农户收益面临不确定性,并增加了农业生产决策与融资的难度,是制约农业发展的重要因素。美国的农产品价格支持政策与包括保险及衍生品市场在内的各类风险管理市场分别为农户提供了政策性与市场性价格风险规避机制,对稳定农户收入及促进农业生产发挥了重要作用。美国农产品价格风险管理的实践表明:市场化机制在农产品价格风险管理中的重要性正在不断上升;市场的规范发展与持续创新;以及政府对农户市场参与能力的支持是各类风险管理市场功能发挥的基础。这些实践经验为在我国建立起有效的农产品价格风险管理体系提供了借鉴。     

国家发改委：逐步建立农产品目标价格制度

近日,据国家发展和改革委员会介绍,发展改革委今年将完善农产品市场价格和调控机制,探索推进农产品价格形成机制与政府补贴脱钩的改革,逐步建立农产品目标价格制度,在市场价格过高时补贴低收入消费者,在市场价格低于目标价格时按差价补贴生产者。     

农产品目标价格 释放市场红利

<正>2014年李克强总理在政府工作报告中指出,"探索建立农产品目标价格制度,市场价格过低时对生产者进行补贴,过高时对低收入消费者进行补贴。"所谓目标价格补贴,是指政府事先确定农产品的目标价格,当该农产品实际市场价格低于目标价格     

农产品价格机制让市场起主导作用

随着劳动力成本、生产成本上升,国际农产品价格不断下压等原因,国内主要农产品的价格往往超过国际市场。同时还由于农业补贴的"黄箱",也加剧了农产品价格的波动,挫伤了农民的生产积极性,造成我国农业市场竞争力低下等问题。如何减少农产品价格大起大落并形成一套防控机制来应对风险,今年"两会"代表、委员们开出了良方。搭建市场、生产者、消费者三者关联的信息流通渠道及监测系统,坚持市场定价原则"农产品价格一头连着农民,一头连着消费者,     

小农与经济理性

我国人均耕地只有1.5亩,平均每个农户仅拥有不足8亩的耕地。除在少数大城市近郊及几个沿海发达地区外,农业生产总的商品化程度不高,农户的生产在相当大程度上还是为了满足自身的消费需求。这种半自然经济下的小农,其消费决策与现代化城市中把消费和生产绝然分开的“纯粹消费者”是不一样的,其生产决策也与全部为市场生产的工厂企业和大农场差异很大。现代经济学主要是建立在对“纯粹消费者”和“纯粹生产者”的研究基础上,因     

发改委：逐步建立农产品目标价格制度

日前,国家发改委在部署2014年农村经济重点工作时表示,在保护农民利益的前提下,更好发挥市场在农产品价格形成中的决定性作用。探索推进农产品价格形成机制与政府补贴脱钩的改革,逐步建立农产品目标价格制度,在市场价格过高时补贴低收入消费者,在市场价格低于目标价格时按差价补贴生产者。2014年选择部分品种和地区先行开展试点。     

论农产品市场定价机制的缺陷及完善措施

在市场经济条件下 ,农产品市场价格的形成是市场机制作用的结果。完善的市场机制应具有很高的定价效率 ,能够及时、灵敏地反映市场供求变化 ,形成合理的市场价格 ,并迅速反馈给生产者、经营者和消费者 ,以供他们及时调整自己的生产、经营和消费决策 ,从而起到配置资源的作用。但在现实世界里 ,完美无瑕的市场定价机制是不存在的。不同的产品市场 ,都因为各自不同的原因而或多或少地存在着一些缺陷 ,从而导致市场价格扭曲 ,并因此而降低资源配置效率。一当前我国农产品市场定价机制的主要缺陷有以下几个方面 :(一 )农业内部的过度竞争性　农…     

国外农产品物流模式简介

世界级城市的农产品流通渠道大体可分为"市场流通"和"市场外流通"两部分。市场流通,即生产者直接或经过上市团体、货物收集者将农产品经各类批发市场集散、交易、形成价格后,经零售商、加工业者和大的消费团体将农产品最终转移到消费者手中的过程;市场外流通,则指农产品不经过批发市场交易而是经过全国农协、商社的集配中心、果蔬超市、生产协会径     

活跃在第一线的农产品市场分析师

为减缓农产品价格波动带来的影响,预测未来农产品价格变动,为农民提供实实在在的信息服务,近年来全国各级农业部门培养了一批农产品市场信息分析师,他们深入基地、田间地头、各大批发市场和农户家里,定期定点调研,调查主要农产品成本,收集整理其价格变动和供求信息等情况,指导农民农业生产。近日,记者通过采访部分省份分析师,探究他们如何深入基层做调研工作,如何为生产者、为市场提供有用的、及时的农业信息。通过基层调研,了解农产品行情李固是山西省农业厅市场信息处的一员,从事农产品市场信息调研     

Impacts of price and productivity changes on banana‐growing households in Uganda

This article compares the effects of changing market prices and farm productivity on the welfare of banana‐growing households in the Ntungamo district of Uganda. A heterogeneous‐agent model is applied via a series of mathematical optimization problems, to simulate production and consumption responses of 70 farm households surveyed in 2006. Results show that a given increase in productivity has a greater impact on poverty alleviation than that same increase in market prices. Despite the effects of productivity gains being comparable across different types of household groups, price improvements primarily benefit the incomes of households who are involved in rural producer organizations, who are located closer to markets, and who sell at the market.     

Technology,market policies and institutional reform for sustainable land use in southern Mali

To identify appropriate interventions that support sustainable land use; a farm household modelling approach is applied to analyze micro-economic supply reactions to various policy measures. The modelling framework links agro-technical and economic data, and takes both production and consumption decisions into account, allowing land use and production technology adjustments in accordance with farm household objectives. Different types of farm households are distinguished on the basis of their resource endowments, savings coefficients and time discount rate. Actual and alternative (sustainable) cropping and livestock activities for different weather regimes are defined for southern Mali. The effects on sustainable land use and expected farm household welfare of adopting alternative technologies and modifying prices, transaction costs, access to credit and land taxes are demonstrated. Even with full information on sustainable technologies, strong policy interventions are required to halt soil degradation. Structural policies proved to be more effective than price policies to reduce soil degradation while maintaining positive income effects. When prices are determined endogenously, structural policy loses some effectiveness as an incentive for sustainable land use due to the effect of additional supply on local cereal and meat Prices.     

A hedonic approach to estimating the supply of variety attributes of a subsistence crop

The article extends the household hedonic model by estimating a supply function for variety attributes of a subsistence crop in a developing economy. The model is applied to bananas in Uganda, making use of disaggregated data on variety‐specific farm‐gate banana bunch prices and attributes, while accounting for the semisubsistence nature of banana‐producing households. The article is motivated by the need to understand the attribute trade‐offs made by farmers at the farm gate in light of targeted variety improvement efforts and their impact on banana markets. Whether variety improvement will pay off at the market level requires a more detailed examination of the relative worth of banana attributes within the structure of consumer preferences and production technologies related to bananas in Uganda. The results confirm the importance of consumption and production attributes in selling behavior. Quality and bunch size are found to be complements at the farm gate. Banana bunches that capture a premium at the market will be those that provide bundles of desirable consumption and production attributes simultaneously. By revealing important price–attribute relationships, the findings provide guidance for crop improvement efforts and diversification choices, while taking into account implicit market signals for output attributes.     

Effects of the Energy Crisis on French Agriculture between 1974 and 1984

The effects that the energy crisis has had on the relatively energy-intensive French agriculture are discussed in this paper for the period 1974–1984. The economic significance of energy in agriculture and the economic effects of higher energy prices are examined. An analysis is made of developments in the use of different sources of energy in the agricultural sector: savings in petroleum products used for heat production, diversification of fuel sources for heating, growing consumption of wood for space heating, and increased use of electricity. The effects of the energy crisis on France's agricultural economy, particularly with regard to farm income, the choice of sites for agricultural production, and trade in agro-food products are discussed. Finally, a detailed breakdown is given of the changes in the use of production factors, caused by the increase in energy prices. Agriculture appears to have become more economical or more efficient.     

RELATIVE PRICE VARIABILITY AMONG AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES AND MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

This paper develops measures of relative price variability among agricultural commodities in the UK farm sector for the period 1956-88. Econometric tests of the hypothesis that relative price variability is positively correlated with instability in the macroeconomy are carried out. The results indicate that UK agricultural commodity prices become more volatile relative to one another when the economy-wide inflation rate increases and when aggregate output becomes more variable. These findings suggest that UK producers and consumers of domestically grown farm products experience increased risk and uncertainty in their production and consumption decisions during periods of macroeconomic instability. The effects of UK entry into the European Community are also examined; no evidence is found to suggest that adoption of the Common Agricultural Policy reduced year-to-year relative price variability among agricultural commodities.     

The Economics of a Blend Mandate for Biofuels

A biofuel blend mandate may increase or decrease consumer fuel prices with endogenous oil prices, depending on relative supply elasticities. Biofuel tax credits always reduce fuel prices. Tax credits result in lower fuel prices than under a mandate for the same level of biofuel production. If tax credits are implemented alongside mandates, then tax credits subsidize fuel consumption instead of biofuels. This contradicts energy policy goals by increasing oil dependency, CO₂ emissions, and traffic congestion, while providing little benefit to either corn or ethanol producers. These social costs will be substantial with tax credits costing taxpayers $28.7 billion annually by 2022.     

Production efficiency of Chinese agriculture: evidence from rural household survey data

A shadow-price profit frontier model is developed to examine production efficiency of Chinese rural households in farming operations. The model incorporates price distortions resulting from imperfect market conditions and socioeconomic and institutional constraints, but retains the advantages of stochastic frontier properties. The shadow prices are derived through a generalized profit function estimation. The shadow-price profit frontier is then estimated and an efficiency index based on the estimated profit frontier is computed and decomposed to household characteristics. Empirical results using data from China's Rural Household Survey for 1991 reject the neoclassical profit maximization hypothesis based on market prices in favor of the general model with price distortions. Farmers' resource endowment and education influence their response to the market restrictions, thus alter their performance in terms of efficiency. The estimated efficiency index ranges from 6% to 93% with a sample average of 62%. Households' educational level, family size and per capita net income are positively related to production efficiency. Households living in mountain areas or with family members employed by the government or state industries are relatively inefficient. Reducing market intervention, allowing right of use of farm land to be transferred among households, encouraging migration of excess farm labor, and promoting farmers' education will improve rural households' efficiency in agricultural production.     

The Doha Round of the World Trade Organization and Agricultural Markets Liberalization: Impacts on Developing Economies

We investigate the impacts of multilateral removal of all border taxes and farm programs and their distortions on developing economies, using a world agriculture partial equilibrium model. We quantify changes in prices, trade flows, and production locations. Border measures and farm programs both affect world trade, but trade barriers have the largest impact. Following removal, trade expansion is substantial for most commodities, especially dairy, meats, and vegetable oils. Net agricultural and food exporters emerge with expanded exports; net importing countries with limited distortions before liberalization are penalized by higher world prices and reduced imports. We draw implications for current World Trade Organization negotiations.     

An Economic Analysis of the Effects of the Uruguay Round Agreement and Full Trade Liberalization on the World Dairy Sector

A dairy trade model of the world dairy economy is developed. The model incorporates the allocation of milk fat and solids- nonfat among dairy commodities in a spatial equilibrium context. The model is used to simulate the market equilibrium impacts of the Uruguay Round Agreement and full free trade in the world dairy sector, including prices, production, consumption and trade flows. The free trade results indicate average world prices for farm milk near current U.S. levels, while farm milk prices in western Europe, Japan and Canada fall by 25.8%, 36.4% and 32.3%, respectively. In contrast, Australia and New Zealand farm milk prices rise by 22.5% and 50.8%, respectively.
Un modèle de l'économic laitière mondiale est développé. Le modèle analyse l'allocation spatiale du lait, de ses composantes (c'est-à-dire, matière grasse, protéine) et des produits laitiers. Il est utilisé pour simuler les effets de l'accord de l'Uruguay et de la libéralisation des marchés sur l'économie laitière, y compris sur les prix, la production, la consommation et les échanges commerciaux. Les résultats indiquent qu'en présence de marchés libres, les prix mondiaux seraient proches des prix courants aux États-Unis, alors que leprix du lait diminuerait de 25,8 %, 36,4 % et 32,3 % en Europe de l'Ouest, au Japan et au Canada, respectivement. Par contraste, le prix du lait en Australie et en Nouvelle Zélande augmenterait respectivement de 22,5 % et 50,8 %.     

On the nature and magnitude of cost economies in hog production

In this article, we assess the impact of farm size on production cost and evaluate the marginal costs and margins by considering that input prices may change with the scale of production. By using French hog farm data, we estimate a system of equations including a feed price function, input demand functions, and an output supply function based on a technology approximated by a combined generalized Leontief‐Quadratic form. Our results suggest that the marginal costs are over‐estimated when the adjustment of the feed unit prices to a change in farm size is not controlled for. More specifically, the cost economies for large farms (enjoying the highest profits) arise primarily from lower feed prices, with technological scale economies having little impact. In contrast, farms with no hired labor exhibit technological scale economies and reach higher price‐cost margins compared to larger farms.