国际市场经济的3种模式

英美式市场经济。这种模式的市场经济,信奉价值规律,政府对经济生活的干预较少。基本特征是:最大限度地发挥市场机制的资源配置作用,倡导自由竞争,实行自由放任;政府主要以政策形式对经济生活进行调控。这种模式以英国、美国为代表。东亚式市场经济。一些新兴工业化国家和地区,为了追赶发达国家,实行政府主导型市场经济,即在市场竞争的基础上,由政府出面,积极主动而强烈地干预经济。这种干预不等于直接管制和行政强制,政府的计划是导向性的。主要通过产业政策,有目标、有步骤地引导资源配置过程,推动经济发展。这些新兴工业化国家和地区以日本、韩国、新加坡、台湾为代表。     

外资驱动下的技术进步与经济增长——新兴工业化国家的实证分析

外资的引入会带来基于产品种类增加和产品质量提高的经济增长.本文利用新兴工业化国家的面板数据进行计量检验,发现外资的引入对于新兴工业化国家来说确实会带来这种经济增长.又通过对中国与新兴工业化国家的基本数据的比较分析发现,不仅是新兴工业化国家,即使是中国这样的发展中国家,外资的引入也会带来这两个方面的技术进步进而导致的经济增长,但同时要注重国内固定资本的形成,提高人力资本存量的水平并适度降低政府对经济的参与程度.     

外商直接投资和经济增长的关系研究

理论研究普遍认为外商直接投资对经济增长产生了积极的影响,但对外商直接投资如何影响新兴工业化国家的发展过程的具体机制却研究甚少。本文从新兴工业化国家的视角提出并验证了有关外商直接投资对经济增长作用的两个假设:(1)外商直接投资有利于减小国内生产的非效率,是提高生产技术效率的推动器;(2)外商直接投资有利于加快国内技术进步,是生产前沿的移动器。因为这种双重作用,所以外商直接投资是新兴工业化国家赶超世界发达国家的一个重要因素。中国过去几十年经济快速的发展为验证这两个假设提供了一个理想的范例。     

城市低碳经济的治理体系——来自澳大利亚与中国台湾的经验和借鉴

在应对全球气候变化,解析经济增长与碳排放的关系中,发达国家与发展中国家或地区已经加入或正在加入国际合作机制,并且制定了国内或地区范围内的制度治理框架。其不同特点在于:发达国家注重公司治理或市场机制治理,而发展中国家或地区注重政府治理。一个好的制度治理体系是国家、产业与企业之间互动与合作,改变生产与消费形式,提升产业和企业竞争力。城市在工业化或城市化进程中占GDP贡献与能源消费的绝大部分。新兴工业化国家在发展低碳经济时,必须尽早制定温室气体减排法规;利用市场机制,设立限额贸易机制;发挥政府作用,弥补市场失灵,建立公共研究和基金,突破环境技术,促进企业低污染的产品和技术创新,保持经济的可持续发展。     

新兴古典经济学工业化理论与中国新型工业化道路--兼评杨小凯新兴工业化理论

杨小凯的新兴古典经济学工业化理论提出：提高交易效率,可以促进分工深化,而工业分工深化的过程就是工业份额不断增加的工业化过程。这对正在进行工业化的中国而言具有重要的启示：通过完善市场体系、提供充足的公共产品、重构信用体系、提高信息化程度、建立政府信息系统等措施,可以提高交易效率,加速我国的工业化进程。     

资源诅咒:一个新兴古典经济学框架

本文从分工这一角度出发,在一个包含偷抢的新兴古典经济学框架下分析自然资源对经济增长的效应,内生化了资源诅咒假说.分析表明,丰富的人均资源本身会提高分工的门槛,使得人们难以形成有效的分工结构,从而抑制经济增长.另外,由于资源丰富国家往往伴随高的偷抢水平,这也降低了分工合作的可能性及其经济绩效.本文的政策含义是,为了避免资源诅咒效应,必须打破现存的资源依赖格局,构建良好的制度基础,实现分工深化以促进经济增长.     

对发展中新兴大市场的考察

进入21世纪,鉴于受发达国家所支配的工业化国家市场的成熟和稳定,世界经济的发展难以继续靠主要工业化国家市场来推动,相反正在大规模增长的发展中新兴大市场将成为世界经济发展的动力。一、发展中新兴大市场的界定按公认的新兴大市场的判别标准来衡量,发展中新兴大市场普遍具有以下特征:消费人口众多,市场规模较大;能为数量众多的产品提供具有代表性的市场;具有较快的发展速度或具有快速增长的潜力;已经实施了重要的经济改革方案;对所在区域具有重要的政治影响,也是各个区域经济发展的推动者;对周边区域的经济带动作用不断强化。依据上述标…     

发达国家政府对经济结构的战略调整和企业开拓市场的政策支持

一、发达国家政府十分重视经济结构战略调整和产业升级发达国家政府非常重视经济结构调整和产业升级与企业经营的整合。美国是一个典型的"自由市场经济国家",它十分强调市场力量对促进经济发展的作用,认为政府对经济发展只能起"次要作用"。但历届美国政府都重视对经济结构的战略性调整。1933年,罗斯福就任美国总统后,开始放弃传统的自由派不干预经济的做法,以立法与行政手段积极推行"新政",进行了若干重要改革,在解决失业、发展农业、房地产业、规范证券发行等方面,采取了一系列改革措施。以后,美国政府还不断改进、完善和发展对市场干预的宏观调控政策,使市场经济在政府宏观调控下运行。60年代以来,美     

经济增长方式转变与财政政策调整

西方发达国家及东南亚一些新兴的工业化国家或地区的经济发展经验表明,一国(地区)在工业化的进程中都会经历一个经济由外延增长为主向内涵增长为主的转变过程。实现这一转变一般来自两个方面的力量作用:一是市场经济条件下的需求约束及竞争机制迫使企业必须走主要依靠技术进步提高企业经济效益的内涵型增长方式道路;二是政府从国际竞争及国家(地区)的经济发展的长远利益出发,适时地制定有关宏观经济政策,推动宏观经济增长方式由外延型向内涵型的转变。     

企业集团对东亚国家工业化进程的推动作用研究

新兴市场特别是东亚经济体企业集团发展的历程表明,在不同时期,企业集团对工业化进程的推动作用不同。在工业化前期,企业集团在国家相关政策的支持下,成功实现了追赶发达工业国的目标。随着工业化程度的不断推进,企业集团的自主创新能力成为工业化后期,以及后工业化时期东亚国家内生增长动力的关键引擎。     

Dutch Disease in the Labor Market: Women, Services, and Industrialization

The light manufacturing export industries have been a springboard for sustained growth in many newly industrializing countries. Women have played an important role in those industries. The author presents a theory linking women's work and industrialization. The theory fits the observation that, in low-growth developing countries, women work mostly in household services, while, in higher-growth developing countries, women work in manufacturing. In the model, the existence of a services equilibrium or an industrialization equilibrium, or multiple equilibria, depends on an economy's endowment of land relative to labor.     

经济一体化、产业分工与失业

本文建立了产业分工架构,分析工业国家非技术劳工工资与失业问题。产业分工程度内生决定于经济一体化(即市场扩大)型态:在一体化市场内,若技术劳动成长率大于非技术劳动增幅,制造业产业分工程度将加深;反之,产业分工程度降低。产业分工程度加深促使非技术劳工工资上升、失业率下降,并未如预期会威胁工业国家非技术劳工。值得注意的是,既使产业分工程度加深、非技术劳工失业率下降,亦可能出现非技术劳工失业量上升现象。     

THE FIFTH ASIAN DRAGON: SOURCES OF GROWTH IN GUANGDONG, 1979–1994

This paper presents a growth accounting exercise to uncover the sources of spectacular growth in the Guangdong Province in China, the so-called "Fifth Dragon" in Asia, for the post-open-door period 1979–1994. A large fraction of Guangdong's output growth cannot be attributed to the growth in its capital and labor inputs. Of the unexplained residuals, foreign direct investment is a significant growth-spurring engine while export expansion is not. In this sense, China's open door policy did not generate export-led growth although it did stimulate capital accumulation through the importation of foreign capital.
"East Asia has a remarkable record of high and sustained economic growth. From 1965 to 1990 the twenty-three economies of East Asia grew faster than all other regions of the world…. Most of this achievement is attributable to seemingly miraculous growth in just eight economies: Japan; the 'Four Tigers' —Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan, China; and three newly industrializing economies (NIEs) of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand…."     

A short-term analytical model of the Singapore economy

The rapid economic transformation of the ‘newly industrializing countries’ has aroused considerable interest in their economic structure and functioning. This paper contributes to the discussion by seeking to anatomise the Singapore economy. The economy's dynamism is reflected by the fact that, although our model is a short-term one, capital investment, both foreign and domestic, plays a central role in it. The model is also characterized by a novel specification of the export function, the inclusion of non-traded goods and of a sectorally segmented labor market, and a fairly comprehensive treatment of the financial system. The general equilibrium response of the model to various parameter shifts is investigated, and the factors responsible for the economy's rapid development thereby elucidated.     

从开放宏观的视角看环境污染问题:一个综述

在全球化背景下,伴随着国际间的要素流动,环境问题越来越多地被赋予了全球化的内容。本文将环境与增长、环境与贸易、环境与就业、环境与人口迁移等研究文献纳入到一个开放宏观分析框架中,通过文献研究发现,国际分工使"南—北"之间存在了多纬度的"环境不平等":首先,环境与经济增长问题先后经历了三个发展阶段,即罗马俱乐部提出的"增长极限说"、环境库兹涅茨曲线假说、贸易与环境库兹涅茨曲线假说相关性的争论。随着研究的推进,环境与增长问题越来越类似于一枚硬币的两面,难以同时兼得,但是,由于国际分工模式的差异,发展中国家却为发达国家提供了"污染储藏地"。其次,虽然环境规制使企业损失了部分"棕色"就业,但是环境保护同样能够创造"绿色"就业,然而,在国际分工背景下,环境保护是否有利于发展中国家的整体就业还存在着争议。最后,环境恶化已经导致一些国家出现了"环境难民"以及随之而来的人口迁移。到2050年,全世界由气候变化引起的人口迁移很可能达到5千万至7亿。然而,穷国和富国的环境压力和迁移能力却不尽相同,从某种程度上,这也是国际分工产生的间接影响,但是,关于这一问题的研究还十分有限。     

Relation between growth and unemployment in a model with labor-force participation and adverse labor institutions

Based on labor search models with an exogenous labor force, existing papers have found a negative relation between long-run economic growth and unemployment. Motivated by the fact that the labor force participation has changed substantially across OECD countries, this paper revisits the long-run relation by taking account of endogenous labor-force participation. We find that, via the effects on employment, changes in labor market institutions may increase or decrease long-run economic growth. Moreover, depending upon the effects on the labor force and employment, these labor market institutions may increase or decrease unemployment rates in the long run. Thus, changes in labor market institutions lead to a non-monotone relation between long-run economic growth and unemployment that is consistent with the data.     

劳动力转移与工资差距同时扩大的“悖论”研究——基于市场分割的视角

从市场分割的角度出发,对劳动力流动与工资差距同时扩大的"悖论"和中国市场化过程中的"迁移谜题"进行了深入分析,认为劳动力市场的地区分割和城乡分割导致了劳动者之间必然存在工资收入差距,而且即使存在劳动力转移,也不能使工资差距收敛。这种制度性偏好导致的劳动力市场分割,对劳动者工资收入差距的扩大起了推波助澜的作用,因此构建全国统一、自由竞争的劳动力市场是非常必要的,并提出有关的政策建议。     

Work supply and constitutional order

James Buchanan has suggested resolving the issue of labor supply and increasing returns by introducing the concept of a work ethic. This paper offers some additional thoughts to the solution that Buchanan has developed by taking a historical perspective. It was the choice between labor supply to the market and self-employment rather than a choice between work and leisure that the early worker in the transitional period to industrialized labor was confronted with. Starting with this point of view, I argue that the critical motivation for increasing labor supply to the market was the prospect of reaping more benefits under the newly organized firms compared to the benefits that the system of simple labor-ownership rule generated. The paper concludes that entrepreneurship, which promotes the division of labor both within firms as well as among firms, performs a decisive role in increasing labor supply. This in turn made possible the transformation of the constitutional order from the pre-industrialized society to the more advanced civil society of today.     

Adam Smith's “tolerable administration of justice” and the Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith argues that a country’s income depends on its labor productivity, which in turn hinges on the division of labor. But why are some countries able to take advantage of the division of labor and become rich, while others fail to do so and remain poor? Smith describes how the security of property rights, through a “tolerable administration of justice,” allows investment and exchange to take place, bringing about economic progress. Recent empirical work on economic development has supported Smith’s emphasis on a country’s political “institutions,” particularly the judiciary, in determining its national income.