农用地质量动态监测系统设计与应用

为了保持农用地资源调查的现势性和实用性,实现国土资源由数量管理向数量、质量并重管理,以应用为目的,进行农用地质量动态监测系统的分析与设计.采用系统分析法,通过对农用地质量动态监测系统的构成和功能进行需求分析,对农用地质量动态监测系统的构架及数据流程进行设计.农用地质量动态监测系统可以进行农用地质量评价,动态变化分析,为政府提供土地利用的决策支持.     

四川省土壤侵蚀空间分布规律研究

为了摸清四川省土壤侵蚀空间分布情况,依据全国土壤侵蚀分级系统、强度划分体系,利用GIS分析方法对全省土壤侵蚀类型与强度进行了分析。研究结果表明:①土壤侵蚀类型分水蚀、冻融侵蚀和风蚀三类,但侵蚀类型的空间差异明显,水蚀严重区位于川东,冻融侵蚀作用影响区为川西,风蚀影响区为川北一带;②水力侵蚀为土壤侵蚀最主要的类型,影响面积占总面积的87.7%,冻融次之,风蚀影响面积最小;③侵蚀强度分析显示水力侵蚀强度最大,风蚀强度次之,冻融侵蚀对土壤的破坏程度最小;④土壤侵蚀的分布与地貌、海拔、坡度、坡向等地形因素及与人类的活动密切相关。     

2000—2020年海伦市土壤侵蚀时空变化分析

本研究以土壤侵蚀较为严重的海伦市为例,基于中国土壤流失方程(Chinese Soil Loss Equation,CSLE)对土壤侵蚀程度与时空变化情况进行定量分析,着重探讨降水与土地利用格局变化对土壤侵蚀的影响。研究结果表明,(1)研究区2000—2020年土壤侵蚀面积增加了57.82 km²,且土壤侵蚀强度均有从侵蚀较低等级向较高等级变化的趋势。(2)2000—2020年不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀差异显著,侵蚀面积表现为耕地>其他用地>林地>建设用地>水域。(3)2000—2020年不同等级的平均降水量土壤侵蚀总面积变化不明显,但同一等级的平均降水量的土壤侵蚀率逐渐降低。     

基于遥感的乡镇级土地利用总体规划实施动态监测技术研究 ——以杭州市余杭区塘栖镇为例

研究目的：建立规划实施动态监测系统,及时反馈规划实施情况以及规划布局与现实的差距,实现“动态规划”。研究方法：文献分析法和实证研究。研究结果：阐述了基于SPOT5高分辨率遥感数据的规划实施动态监测的技术路线、精度要求,高分辨率遥感数据是快速进行乡镇级规划实施动态监测的技术支撑。研究结论：以杭州市余杭区塘栖镇为例,证实了SPOT5高分辨率遥感数据应用于土地利用规划实施动态监测的可行性。塘栖镇1997 — 2005年新增建设用地面积中符合土地利用总体规划中的建设预留区域用途管制规则的比例为86.84%,城乡居民点用地扩展违反规划用途管制规则最为显著。主动调整城乡空间发展过程中的群体利益,是编制第三轮乡镇级土地利用总体规划需要关注的。     

基于MAPGIS平台的遥感技术用于土地利用动态监测

主要以SPOT4卫星遥感数据为主要数据源,基于MAPGIS6.5平台对漠河县土地利用动态遥感监测研究项目的运作过程为例进行阐述;首先明确土地利用动态监测的具体内容和技术路线,然后对数据进行预处理,数据的配准和几何校正,图像融合以及信息采集的方法与手段进行了探讨;最后对作业的内、外业主要过程及应提交的成果作了介绍。     

基于相关反馈的土壤侵蚀遥感图像检索技术研究

我国是土壤侵蚀最严重的国家之一,已经进行了3次全国范围的土壤侵蚀调查,但由于技术所限制,目前利用遥感图像判别土壤侵蚀强度主要是人工判读或人机交互式勾绘。为减轻人工判读勾绘的负担,该文从图像分析的角度,利用基于内容的图像检索技术辅助人工目视解译。并针对计算机和人之间的判读差别,提出结合相关反馈技术来提高检索的精度,实验表明这种思路是可行的。     

土地整治重大工程项目建设监测管理系统的设计与实现

研究目的:通过信息化手段对已批复的土地整治重大工程项目建设情况进行动态监测和预警。研究方法:系统分析法、软件工程与系统开发。研究结果:从建设一体化监管信息平台出发,构建了"中央→省级→县(区)级"动态监测管理系统。研究结论:通过系统建设,实现了对重大工程项目实施状态、建设目标完成、工程进展、资金下达与使用、阶段验收等情况的动态、全面掌握,为强化监管目标、提高监管效率、有针对性地组织实施核查提供重要的技术支撑。     

辐射沙脊群围垦海域海天一体化观测系统

研究沙脊群水沙动力场、动力地貌演变和遥感遥测信息集成的方法。以海洋动力地貌理论为指导,以遥感为核心,综合集成传统站网观测、地形测量和海洋水动力模型,采用现代信息技术,建立海天一体化动态观测系统。以南黄海辐射沙脊群为原型,建立以遥感监测为主体的海天一体化动态观测系统,进行沙洲 水道地貌、海洋动力场遥感大面积同步监测,为海洋开发与保护提供基础信息。     

加强土壤墒情监测推进农业绿色发展

<正>土壤墒情自动监测系统是以提高水资源的利用效率为中心,以实现农业节本增效为重点,以传感器技术和无线传输技术相结合的方式实现对土壤墒情状况和周边环境信息快速采集,动态、实时获取农田土壤墒情与旱情的信息管理系统,对科学指导适墒播种、因墒施肥、测墒灌溉、抗旱降渍、防灾减灾等起到重要的支撑作用。为加快推进土壤墒情建设,江苏不断加大投入力度,     

农情遥感监测与服务系统集成研究

综合分析了国内外农业遥感监测系统的技术模式和建设方案,充分调研农业部农情遥感监测业务的需求,同时分析实验室各种现有系统,设计并选择了一种较科学的系统集成方案。系统集成考虑功能、经济、扩展以及稳定等多方面因素,最终选择利用O rac le10.0G建立数据库;利用ArcG IS9.2为地理信息平台,完成空间和属性数据的显示、统计分析以及信息服务等功能需求;利用Erdas8.6为影像数据处理平台,并用其V isual C++开发包进行系统定制与开发。系统的建设以现有"国家级农情遥感监测系统"为基础,进行功能升级和扩展。该系统的建设,将大大提高我国农情业务监测的能力和科学性,是对我国农业遥感技术的一种总结和科学提升。此外,该文还论述了系统建设技术路线的可行性与必要性。     

广西北部湾沿海地区耕地“三位一体”动态监测研究

[目的]以广西北部湾沿海区耕地"三位一体"动态监测现状与问题进行研究,试图提高研究区域耕地利用水平。[方法]采用文献综述法在对比研究国内外耕地监测体系现状的基础上,构建集"耕地数量、质量和生态"为一体的动态监测体系,并通过对广西耕地质量动态监测体系的实证分析得出相关结论。[结果](1)当前广西北部湾沿海区耕地动态监测体系主要不足是监测点筛选缺乏系统性和动态性;渐变类型划分标准过粗;基础资料收集精准不够;缺乏对海水倒灌形成的盐渍化耕地渐变类型监测。(2)广西北部湾沿海区耕地质量呈现由北向南,由西向东降低的趋势。山前冲积平原优质耕地逐渐被沿海区Ⅲ级耕地侵蚀的特点。[结论]建议细化监测区到乡镇,加入浅滩作为分区因素;选用长期和浮动两种监测点模式;实行"1·3"动态监测制度、耕地监测预算制度和部门数据共享制度,统一数据标准,构建数据资源库,提高耕地监测效率和质量。     

Olive oil production and soil conservation in southern Spain, in relation to EU subsidy policies

The European Union spent about two billion ECU per year on subsidies for the olive oil sector, of which Spain received about 35%. For the rainfed areas in southern Spain the olive oil sector is crucial, and so are these subsidies. The European Commission has formulated two options to change the subsidy system, but these do not take the production systems and environmental aspects into account. Many olive plantations are affected by soil erosion. This paper analyses the olive tree production systems in southern Spain, the subsidy systems and the soil erosion problems. It then raises the question whether the subsidies could not be provided in a different way, in order to make olive tree cultivation more sustainable by reducing soil erosion and flood hazard.     

美国的土壤保护和启示

美国的土壤侵蚀经过６０年的治理得到了明显的减轻,但还存在一些问题,土壤侵蚀形势依然严峻。６０年来美国开展了大量的土壤侵蚀治理项目,土壤保护经历了由注重减轻田间土壤侵蚀,增加土壤生产力到注重减轻土壤侵蚀对环境影响的转变。这对中国的土壤保护有一定的启示作用。     

Land management,erosion problems and soil and water conservation in Fincha’a watershed,western Ethiopia

The knowledge of soil erosion processes, attitude towards rational use of resources and institutional support affect the capability of farmers to implement soil and water conservation (SWC) measures. This research was conducted to determine soil erosion problems and the factors that affect the adoption of SWC measures in Fincha’a watershed, western Ethiopia. A total of 50 farmers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, and two group discussions were held with 20 farmers. Moreover, transects were walked to classify erosion features, and a quantitative erosion survey was made on 19 farm plots during the rainy season of 2004. The results showed that crop fields are affected by annual soil losses ranging from 24 to 160 Mg ha⁻¹. Farmers are well aware of these erosion problems, and related the soil loss to steep slopes and a decline in soil fertility. However, they did not invest much in SWC measures, but apply soil management practices to sustain crop yields. The wealth status of farmers, land tenure arrangements and lack of access the farmers have to information are the major factors affecting SWC adoption. High labour demand of SWC measures, lack of short-term benefits and free grazing have negatively affected SWC adoption. Soil erosion problems in Fincha’a watershed have both on-site and off-site effects that require integrated SWC planning at watershed scale.     

我国土地生态安全问题及其立法

我国土地生态安全方面的主要问题有水土流失、土壤污染、土地沙漠化、盐碱化、潜育化、沼泽化、贫瘠化等,围绕这些土地生态问题,我国已经制订了《环境保护法》和《土地管理法》等综合性法律,又制订了有关的专项法规。为了进一步维护土地生态安全,也有待进一步对土地生态安全法律体系予以完善。     

关于水土流失的几个问题

坡耕地水土流失已对我国危害深远,与此 时,随着经济和社会的发展,城市化过程造成的水土流失和公路建设造成的水土流失也越来越严重,对以上问题作了简要分析,并根据它们的共性和个性提出了相关的水土保持措施。     

Efficiency of U.S. conservation-compliance program

Under the conservation-compliance program, most of the individual producers are forced to cut their soil erosion to 7 t per acre annually irrespective of the marginal cost of controlling soil erosion. In a system where coupons to a ton of soil loss were issued to producers and traded, the marginal cost of controlling soil loss within each soil type and across different soil types would be equalized. An instrumental variable procedure was used to determine the effect of soil erosion on net profits. The results for Iowa show that there is considerable difference in the marginal opportunity cost of controlling soil erosion between soil types. By assigning one ton of erosion to Iowa soil type Downs (5-10% slope) instead of Clarion (2-5% slope), there is a savings of $5.00 per acre for the society as a whole. The tradable coupon system is not only efficient, but will also bring in more land under soil conservation.     

中国水土流失防治机制的构建与发展

为促进水土流失防治研究,保障生态安全并与社会经济协调发展,探索科学、高效的防治机制,对中华人民共和国成立以来我国水土流失防治机制的演进过程和取得的成就进行了总结和梳理,对存在的机制上的问题进行了分析。建议加强和提升数据服务决策的能力建设、法制化防治工作的管理与协调,建立健全依据科学、行之有效的水土保持生态补偿机制,规范化、制度化、法制化地保障市场机制的稳健、高效运行。     

水土流失是我国最严重的公害

我国是世界上水土流失最严重的国家之一。水土流失造成了耕地减少、水旱灾害频发和社会贫困等问题，已经严重影响到我国的粮食安全、环境安全和社会经济可持续发展能力。造成我国水土流失严重的根本原因是人为原因，必须采取多种措施加紧对我国水土流失的治理。     

Abstracts of Award-Winning Theses

This thesis determines the tradeoff between producer welfare and the provision of environmental benefits, through reduced soil erosion and fertilizer applications, on agricultural working land. A land-use allocation model of two Iowa counties is formulated as a mathematical programming problem, building upon the Takayama and Judge framework. Slope is used to reflect terrain heterogeneity, such that the spatial allocation of land-use practices impacts economic and environmental outcomes via a yield damage function and differentiated rates of soil erosion. The model differs from prior empirical models in that it includes both crop and livestock production, which gives the model the flexibility to choose whether the two activities are optimally nonseparable.
Price policy analysis indicates that the land use allocation is relatively insensitive to changes in commodity prices, i.e., altering commodity-based support payments is insufficient to attain environmental improvements. Several "green" policy instruments are simulated to estimate the cost to producers of reducing environmental damages. Limiting soil erosion with either a regulatory standard or a per unit tax reduces the average return to land by 10%. Shifting current income support payments into a system of payments for conservation land management practices, similar in essence to the Conservation Security Program, cannot attain the same soil erosion reduction with less cost to producers. Overall, the inelastic response of land use practices to commodity prices indicates that targeting the use of productive inputs, as opposed to commodity outputs, may be a more efficient means of attaining environmental improvements.