Ethnographic studies of social causation: observing conjunctures of action sequences in particular settings

While the importance of ethnographic research for causal understanding is widely recognized, the logic of this argument has not been well articulated. The purpose of this paper is to specify the conditions under which direct field observations become essential for causal studies. It is argued in this paper that the concept of “human causation” is fundamental for understanding the causal relevance of ethnographic research. Specifically, ethnographic methods are most suited for observing conjunctures of action sequences in particular social settings. In causally fixed settings, ethnographers focus on the recurrent causal pathways leading to a predictable outcome; and in causally open settings, ethnographers study the critical junctures in and important conjunctures of contingent sequences of events that give rise to unpredictable outcomes. In both instances, the immersion of the researcher into the setting to observe the unfolding of the events being studied plays a key role in uncovering and understanding the underlying causal processes. The limitations of ethnographic methods for causal studies are also discussed in the paper.     

Oil price shocks,geopolitical risks,and green bond market dynamics

This research explores the causal relation among oil price, geopolitical risks, and green bond index in the United States from December 2013 to January 2019. Unlike the conventional linear model specification used in earlier works, we evaluate causal relations based on Granger-causality in quantile analysis. Our empirical results reveal unidirectional Granger-causality from geopolitical risk to oil price at the extreme quantiles. We also observe a significant bi-directional causality from oil price to green bond index for the lower quantiles. Findings also reveal causality from geopolitical risk to green bond index in the lower quantiles of the distribution. Therefore, knowledge of these causal relationships can help policy makers to evaluate and implement effective policies to prevent sudden and substantial oil price shocks and geopolitical risk.     

Towards a contingency theory of corporate planning: a systematic literature review

A major research stream examines corporate planning in its context by drawing on the contingency approach, which forms a major theoretical basis for the fields of strategic management and management control. This research paper provides a comprehensive review of this research stream and identifies important contingency factors, recurring results, and commonalities with the theoretical basis of the contingency approach. It reviews 195 studies that investigate the context factors of corporate planning at the organizational level of analysis and were published in ranked academic journals since 1967. This review contributes three findings to a contingency theory of corporate planning. First, this research stream is highly fragmented, replication of findings is scarce, and the cumulative growth of knowledge is restricted. My review shows that 866 different causal models link 30 context factors and 54 design aspects of the corporate planning system, and yet 498 of these causal models are only addressed in one single study. Second, the majority of contingency studies employ the selection fit approach and cross-sectional data. The more rigorous tests of contingency hypotheses, interaction fit and system fit approaches based on longitudinal data, are relatively scarce. Third, this review highlights consistent results across divergent research settings and designs. Thus, it identifies four important context factors of a corporate planning system: (a) management and planning philosophy, (b) organizational size, (c) environmental uncertainty, and (d) task interdependence. This comprehensive set of context factors facilitates the development of a more pronounced contingency theory of corporate planning.     

施工索赔应对策略研究

对工程索赔的经验给予充分重视,对于甲方在工程中控制施工索赔具有重要意义。本人担任事业单位建设管理现场代表多年,积累了一定的经验和想法。下面本文从索赔的特点和分类等基础入手,对当前施工索赔问题进行研究和探索。     

关于汉中市A型性格学生的研究及分析

研究A型性格对我们的身心健康至关重要,它与医学也有密切联系,为了解汉中市学生中A型性格所占比重,笔者随机抽取汉中市300名学生进行A型B型性格测验问卷调查,结果发现被试中42.52%为A型性格,由此,笔者提出了克服A型性格给我们生活带来危害的有效措施,以期提高人们的生活质量。     

作为记录的会计:会计管理活动论的历史分析和逻辑证明

本文归纳整理了会计“管理活动论”主要观点;从历史和逻辑的角度提出并论证了“作为记录的会计”的命题;并进一步证实了会计是一种管理活动;从“会计管理”角度对会计信息失真和会计学科划分问题进行了讨论并提出了自己的观点。     

红酒指数与美元指数关系的实证研究

上海红酒交易中心的成立标志着红酒投资在中国翻开了崭新的一页。影响红酒市场的因素很多,为了把全球重要的储备货币和所有大宗商品计价货币的美元与红酒市场之间的规律揭示出来,并把红酒投资的研究实证化、量化,本文选用了2005-2011年伦敦国际酒类交易中心的LIV-EX100红酒指数及美元指数(UDI)的变动进行初步的研究,并利用格兰杰因果检验进行了实证分析。结果显示,红酒指数和美元指数显著负相关,且两个市场之间是具有因果关系的。这说明在进行红酒投资的时候,美元指数是一个很重要的参考指数。     

The conditional probability and the linear flow graph approaches to analyzing probabilistic causal systems

An alternative theoretical approach to the analysis for dichotomous causal systems that involve probabilistic causation, the conditional probability approach, has recently been explicated. It was shown that there exist various composition and decomposition rules for analyzing various kinds of general causal systems, and an important distinction between pure-“or”-and pure-“and”-causal systems was explicated. In this paper these earlier results are used to analyze a causal system which has been studied by J.A. Davis (1976), who uses his linear flow graph approach to analysis. The results of the conditional probability approach are compared to the linear flow graph, and it is shown that the two approaches lead to strikingly different results.     

Impact of the Affordable Care Act on diabetes diagnoses in the United States: A county‐level analysis

Our research examines whether there is a causal effect between expanding health insurance and diabetes incidence. Comprehensive county‐level data from the United States is used to study the effect of Medicaid expansion on diabetes rates. The analysis is based on cross‐county variation according to Affordable Care Act health care reforms, along with county share‐eligibility variation. Difference‐in‐difference and triple‐difference statistical regression specifications are employed to control for confounding variables. The results suggest a slight negative relationship between expanding health insurance and diabetes diagnoses.     

基于GIS的遥感影像分类方法研究

在分析空间数据获取现状的基础上提出空间数据挖掘的必要性,对遥感影像分类技术和方法进行了研究,提出GIS平台和数据挖掘算法集成所挖掘的知识是其影像分类的重要知识源。最后通过实验对以上的研究和分析进行了验证。     

Investigation of causality based on complex use of statistical methods (case study of social research)

The article deals with the problem of revealing cause–effect relations in the social research by a complex of statistical methods. The ways for solving the problem for experimental and non-experimental data are regarded. In the research the role of the statistical methods in formation of causal relation hypotheses is revealed and the methods of hypotheses verification in conditions of experiment or upon latent structure modelling are discussed. The possibilities of the use of the factor analysis and the analysis of variance in revealing cause–effect relations are also considered. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of the analysis results depending on the character of the empirical data and the conditions they were obtained in. The approaches to causal relations revealing based on the development of the schemes of the complex analysis of the empirical data by the statistical methods aimed at investigation of the cause and effect relation in a long-term research are suggested. We take into account the hierarchical structure of the schemes reflecting the structure of the subject of cognition, the specificity of which requires the use of “rigid” and “flexible” models in combination. Its variant could be the method of structural equation modelling. The article gives an example of the research of causal relations in the assessment of the quality of education services in higher institution. Each stage of the assessment is provided with building of certain “rigid” or “flexible” mathematical models. Their combination allows using the obtained quality parameters as an instrument of regulation of interaction between education service providers and clients.     

Integrating quality into quantity: survey research in the era of mixed methods

As widely recognized during the golden age of survey research thanks to the work of the Columbia school, the use of mixed strategies allows survey research to overcome its limitations by incorporating the advantages of qualitative approaches rather than seeking alternative methods. The need to re-think survey research before embarking on this course impelled the author to undertake a critical analysis of one of the survey’s most important assumptions, proposing a shift from standardization of stimulus to standardization of meanings in order to anchor the requirement of answer comparability on a more solid basis. This proposal for rapprochement with qualitative research is followed by a more detailed section in which the author distinguishes four different types of mixed survey strategies, combining two criteria (time order and function of qualitative procedures). The most significant parts of the constructed typology are then brought together in a model called the multilevel integrated survey approach. This methodological model is concretely illustrated in an empirical study of homophobic prejudice among teenagers. The example shows how in research practice analytical mixed strategies can be creatively combined in the same survey research design, contributing to improvements in data quality and the relevance of research findings.     

浅谈高职英语分级教学

本文通过对高职院校和普通高校教学目标的对比分析,结合作者教学实践深入浅出地阐释了分级教学是高职教育中英语教学的一个突出特点,并进一步指出英语分级教学在高职院校不仅是必要的,而且是可行的,更是富有成效的。     

以就业为导向的高职智能物流实训课程设计

文章在对国内外智能物流应用现状分析的基础上,采用重点调查的方式对各类物流企业物联网应用人才能力要求进行调研,并以就业为导向,针对企业需求从教学目标、教学内容、教学方法、考核预评价4个方面对智能物流实训课程进行设计。研究成果对高职院校物流相关专业智能物流实训课程改革具有重要的借鉴价值和指导意义。     

The origins,development and future directions of data envelopment analysis approach in transportation systems

Over the last two decades, application of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) in transportation problems have gained considerable research attention. This paper presents a literature review and classification of the applications of DEA in transportation systems (TSs). First by classifying 40 papers from 2007 to 2018, the origins of DEA in transportation problems have been reviewed. Then the development and an overall view of DEA applications in TSs have been presented. We have classified the applications of DEA into six different contexts. In each context, published papers have deeply been analyzed. Content of analysis includes “Number of published papers during the time”, “target journals”, “countries”, “keyword frequency”, “most cited papers”, “map of most co-cited publications”. More important, we reported the “inputs and outputs variables” used in each paper. Further “a review of the selected papers” and “gaps/future research directions” have been given within each cluster. The results show that DEA is one of the most useful approach in evaluating TSs for policy makers. On the other hand, DEA can help the decision makers in transportation especially regarding environmental factors, sustainable development and eco-design. Finally, we proposed subjects for future researches including guidance for new studies in the field of DEA applications in TSs.     

我国零售企业库存控制策略研究

库存管理是零售企业经营管理的重要环节,库存管理水平的高低直接影响到企业的经济效益。目前,我国大部分零售企业在库存管理中存在的缺陷越来越明显,致使企业发展受到极大的限制,如何改进库存管理已经成为零售企业的一个新课题。文章着重分析并阐述了ABC分类法和VMI库存控制技术在零售企业的实施与应用,以期为解决零售企业库存管理中存在的问题提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

Does Co‐authorship Lead to Higher Academic Productivity?

In recent decades, co‐authorship and policies aimed at inducing academic collaboration have increased simultaneously. Assuming that intellectual collaboration is exogenously determined, prior studies found a negative relationship between co‐authorship and productivity. I examine a panel data on economists publishing from 1970 to 2011 to test the causal effect of intellectual collaboration on intellectual output. As characteristics of the individual and her opportunity set are endogenously related to both collaboration and productivity, I instrument the amount of co‐authorship by the common research interest between an author and her potential co‐authors. After controlling for endogenous co‐authorship formation, unobservable heterogeneity and time varying factors, the effect of intellectual collaboration on individual performance becomes positive.     

非核心业务外包决策因素研究——外包市场成熟度因素的引入

本文在现有国内外研究成果的基础上,针对非核心业务外包决策中遇到的难题,综合性地提出了一个重要的决策因素——市场成熟度,并且利用因果关系图工具提出了影响外包市场成熟度的五个主要影响因素。同时,针对这些主要影响因素,提出了一些相对应的培育市场的对策。     

课题成功申报之关键——理性创新

论文以大学在校本科生申请科研课题为研究对象,以做过学士、硕士学位论文,即将完成博士学位论文,并多次主研、完成省部级科研课题,具有相当研究能力的青年学者的身份,从课题研究内容、研究方法和研究创新等方面阐述如何撰写课题申报书。其新意在于,明确提出课题成功申报的关键是理性创新,并对创新,特别是理性创新的"理性"做出了富有创见的说明。