组织间网络理论视野下的南水北调工程运行管理

南水北调工程涉及多个利益主体,利益主体的多元性必然会伴生利益目标的非一致性。因此,从某种意义上讲,工程的运行管理过程,就是利益相关者之间的利益冲突、协调和实现的过程。以协作为基石的组织间网络理论无疑为工程的运行管理提供了一个新的视角。     

Measuring Connectivity in a Globally Networked Industry: The Case of Air Transport

We develop a new method for measuring air transport connectivity and apply it to data for 211 countries and territories for the year 2007. Our approach is grounded both in network analysis and in gravity modelling. It produces a global measure of connectivity, which captures the full range of interactions among all network nodes, even when there is no direct flight between them. Connectivity follows a power‐law distribution that is fully consistent with a hub‐and‐spoke network. Our approach provides a new basis for future research in related areas.     

Judgment of Ingroups and Outgroups in Intra- and Intercultural Negotiation: The Role of Interdependent Self-Construal in Judgment Timing

Extending the common ingroup identity model (Gaertner et al. 1993, European Reveiw of Social Psycology, Vol. 4, pp. 1–26) and social categorization theory (Turner et al. 1987, Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.), the current study investigates when superordinate categorization with an opponent occurs during intra- and intercultural integrative negotiation. I hypothesize that a high level of interdependent self-construal (Markus and Kitayama 1991, Psychological Review, 98, 224–253) is associated with early superordinate categorization with an opponent and favorable judgment of an opponents cultural group before negotiation takes place, whereas a low level of interdependent self-construal shows favorable judgment of an ingroup and outgroup after negotiation is closed. One hundred fourteen participants of the U.S. and the Republic of Korea completed a multi-issue negotiation simulation with integrative potential in either intracultural or intercultural dyads. Results support the hypotheses. I discuss theoretical and practical implications of the sensitivity of interdependent self-construal to social context and fluid boundaries of ingroups and outgroups, and the role of integrative negotiation in improving intergroup relations in globalizing and multicultural organizations and societies.     

Mutually Dependent: Power,Trust, Affect and the Use of Deception in Negotiation

Using a simulated two-party negotiation, we examined how trustworthiness and power balance affected deception. In order to trigger deception, we used an issue that had no value for one of the two parties. We found that high cognitive trust increased deception whereas high affective trust decreased deception. Negotiators who expressed anxiety also used more deception whereas those who expressed optimism also used less deception. The nature of the negotiating relationship (mutuality and level of dependence) interacted with trust and negotiators’ affect to influence levels of deception. Deception was most likely to occur when negotiators reported low trust or expressed negative emotions in the context of nonmutual or low dependence relationships. In these relationships, emotions that signaled certainty were associated with misrepresentation whereas emotions that signaled uncertainty were associated with concealment of information. Negotiators who expressed positive emotions in the context of a nonmutual or high dependence relationship also used less deception. Our results are consistent with a fair trade model in which negotiator increases deception when contextual and interpersonal cues heighten concerns about exploitation and decrease deception when these cues attenuate concerns about exploitation.     

Clinical Assessment Methods in Negotiation Research: The Study of Narcissism and Negotiator Effectiveness

Field studies suggest that individual differences are strong determinants negotiator effectiveness, but their impact has yet to be adequately documented (Thompson 1990). We argue that the lack of empirical confirmation is attributable to methodological limitations of the dominant paradigm. This paper shows the usefulness of psychodynamically-oriented constructs and clinical assessment methods. The study contrasts the negotiation experience of individuals high and low in narcissistic functioning, a core psychodynamic variable, and the deep-seated character trait that underlies the interpersonal orientation construct. Implications of this approach for the design of personality assessment and negotiation research are explored.     

Implementing Supplier Codes of Conduct in Global Supply Chains: Process Explanations from Theoretic and Empirical Perspectives

Western buying companies impose Supplier Codes of Conduct (SCC) on their suppliers in developing countries; however, many suppliers cannot fully comply with SCC and some of them even cheat in SCC. In this research, we link contract characteristics – price pressure, production complexity, contract duration – to the likelihood of supplier’s commitment to SCC through a mediating process: how the buying companies govern their suppliers. Our structural equation model analysis shows that the hierarchy/relational norms governance is a perfect mediator of contract characteristics’ effects on the likelihood of supplier’s commitment; the market governance, an insignificant one. The managerial implications are provided for successfully implementing SCC in global supply chains.     

Neural Network Simulation and the Prediction of Corporate Outcomes: Some Empirical Findings

Neural Networks (NN's) involve an innovative method of simulating and analysing complex and constantly changing systems of relationships. Originally developed to mimic the neural architecture and functioning of the human brain, NN techniques have recently been applied to many different business fields and have demonstrated a capability to solve complex problems. This paper investigates the use of NN techniques as a tool for the modelling and prediction of corporate bankruptcy and other corporate outcomes. The within and out-of-sample accuracy of trained NNs are compared with those of standard logit and multilogit techniques. The results of the study suggest that, from a pure predictive point of view, NN simulation produces a higher predictive accuracy and is more robust than conventional logit and multilogit models.     

Trajectories for Driving the Diffusion of e-Negotiation Service Providers in Supply Chains: An Action Research Approach

ABSTRACT

The recent proliferation of online-based trade makes negotiations with service providers for global supply networks evermore challenging. The Internet is believed to be a viable means for enabling and facilitating these supply chain interactions. As such, commercial web-based services that support negotiation processes have emerged (i.e., e-negotiation services). Even though these services have promising benefits for supply chain participants, they have not been accepted by most business users. Current e-negotiation studies fail to capture the substantive reasons of this low acceptance as they typically ignore real-world aspects of commercial negotiations. As such, this study argues that an action research approach is a plausible means to study this issue, and to drive changes in the e-negotiations services market. Accordingly, a research plan is outlined with guidelines and recommendations for future action research projects.     

The Air Transport Industry Crisis in Brazil and in the USA and Companies' Additional Value Due to Real Options Analysis

ABSTRACT

This research describes the analysis of a Brazilian international airline of a regular passenger air transport company, modeled according to real options analysis. Such analysis is appropriate since the air transport industry, nowadays, in crisis in Brazil and in the USA, is subjected to strong uncertainties such as passenger revenue and airplane fuel prices. Through real options analysis, we show that flexibility due to the options to expand and reduce flight frequencies or even to abandon operations, together with market uncertainties, adds considerable value to an air carrier's planes, making it possible to show its creditors a less myopic business viability when compared to traditional valuation methods.

RESUMEN. Esta investigación describe el análisis elaborado sobre una empresa brasileña de transporte aéreo internacional de pasajeros, trazada de acuerdo a un análisis de las alternativas reales. Este tipo de análisis se considera apropiado, ya que la industria de transporte aéreo, que actualmente sufre una crisis tanto en Brasil como en los Estados Unidos, está sujeta a fuertes incertidumbres tales como los ingresos obtenidos con el transporte de pasajeros y los precios del combustible aéreo. Gracias al uso del análisis de las alternativas reales, demostramos que la flexibilidad resultante de las alternativas de expansión y reducción de las frecuencias de los vuelos o hasta el abandono de ciertas operaciones, conjuntamente con otras incertidumbres del mercado, agregan un valor considerable a las aeronaves de la aerolínea, permitiendo que muestre a sus acreedores una factibilidades menos restringida en comparación a la obtenida con los métodos de evaluación tradicionales.

RESUMO. Esta pesquisa descreve a análise de uma rota aérea internacional de uma companhia brasileira de transporte aéreo regular de passageiros, modelada a partir da análise de opções reais. Tal análise se mostra apropriada uma vez que o setor de transporte aéreo, atualmente em crise no Brasil e nos EUA, está sujeito a consideráveis incertezas, tais como receita de passageiros e preços do combustível de avião. Através da análise de opções reais, mostramos que a flexibilidade proporcionada pelas opções de expandir ou reduzir freqüências de vôo ou até mesmo abandonar operações, somada às incertezas do mercado, adicionam valor considerável a uma companhia aérea de carreira, possibilitando mostrar a seus credores uma viabilidade de negócio menos míope quando comparada àquelas geradas por métodos tradicionais de avaliação.     

The Role and Value of Global Business Research: Perspective of a Business School Dean

The scope of this article is two-fold. First, it looks at business research in general, in various countries, as a task that the dean wants to have faculty members pursue, to attain goals such as accreditation and ranking with organizations such as the AACSB, Equis, the Financial Times, and US News & World Report. And second, it looks at international business research as part of what business schools produce and what a dean can encourage. As more academics realize the importance of international competition, and also of dealing with people from other cultures and countries, IB research is becoming more acceptable in mainstream publications as well as in specialized international business ones. Key questions discussed here include encouraging, measuring, promoting, and financing international business research.     

The Questionable Use of Moral Development Theory in Studies of Business Ethics: Discussion and Empirical Findings

The topic of the article is how moral development theory can enlighten the understanding of ethical behaviour in business. It discusses previous research on the subject, and reports an empirical study of academics (engineers and business economists with a master degree) working in the private sector in Norway.Moral development theory is based on a long research tradition, and many researchers within business ethics have assumed the importance of moral reasoning in business environments. However, the truth of these assumptions has not been confirmed by previous empirical research.The article reports on my investigation into the relationship between moral reasoning, ethical attitudes and decision-making behaviour. The data were collected by a survey study among Norwegian engineers and business economists working in businesses (N = 449) in 1997.It has been hypothesised that strong ethical attitudes would have a restraining effect on moral reasoning. In order to test this, ethical attitudes were categorized into four issue categories. The assumption being that the four categories would explain the different restraints on moral reasoning. The statistical testing showed that there was a negative, but not significant, correlation between strong attitudes and good moral reasoning ability.It was also hypothesised that good ability in moral reasoning would tend to exhibit a smaller difference between Policy-decisions and Action-decisions. This hypothesis was based on the difference in behaviour explained in "espoused theory" and "theory in use". When making policy-decisions these can be based on espoused theory and nice "talk" because it is always possible to make exceptions to or reconsider a policy. Action-decisions, on the other hand, are very concrete because they immediately trigger an action. The statistical testing rejected my hypothesis but gave a significant converse result: Good ability in moral reasoning seems to imply less stability and more inconsistence.The article concludes with the fact that moral reasoning testing seems to explain some differences in moral reasoning among people in business but not what kind of behavioural effects these differences actually have.     

Network analysis of a new export grouping scheme: The role of economic and non-economic relations

Export grouping schemes can be viewed as an attempt to manage network development. This article examines a new Australian export grouping scheme in terms of its role and impact on the industrial network of which it is a part. The role played by non-economic exchange relations as well as economic, buyer-seller, exchange relations are emphasised, including competitive and potential interfirm relations and the way informal interpersonal relations. Spawned initially by formal grouping processes, were found to play an important part in group functioning and in outcomes from group activities.     

Violations of Service Fairness and Legal Ramifications: The Case of the Managed Care Industry

Adapted from Chan's (2000) model depicting success of litigation, this paper argues that with the application of various legislation, health maintenance organizations' (HMOs') violations of service fairness to each group: enrollees, physicians, and hospitals give rise to each group's lawsuits against the HMOs. Various authors (Bowen et al., 1999; Seiders and Berry, 1998) indicate that justice concepts such as distributive, procedural, and interactional justice can be applied to the area of service fairness. The violation of these underlying justice principles with HMOs' service unfairness to enrollees, physicians, and hospitals is examined. A general synopsis of the ethical issues in the managed care industry is provided. The various lawsuits launched by each group: enrollees, physicians, and hospitals together with the key statutes used are discussed. This paper also highlights the provisions and ramifications of the 11 April 2000 landmark agreement that Aetna made with Texas Attorney General John Cornyn to settle the 1998 lawsuit brought against the company. Lastly, the current ethical issues in the managed care industry are further discussed. The value of this paper can be adapted to the study of organizations' service fairness violations in other industries or in the educational, governmental, and not-for-profit sectors both nationally and internationally.     

Ethical Issues in Outsourcing: The Case of Contract Medical Research and the Global Pharmaceutical Industry

The outsourcing of medical research has become a strategic imperative in the global pharmaceutical industry. Spurred by the challenges of competition, the need for speed in drug development, and increasing domestic costs, pharmaceutical companies across the globe continue to outsource critical parts of their value chain activities, namely contract clinical research and drug testing, to sponsors across the globe, typically into emerging markets. While it is clear that important ethical issues arise with this practice, unraveling moral responsibility and the allocation of responsibility is not so clear, considering that contracts, by their very definition transfer responsibility from the principal to the agent. This research provides a framework for exploring some of the ethical issues, including attributions of moral responsibility associated with Contract Medical Research. Using a theory of strategic and moral behavior, the research shows that both clients and sponsors in contract research have individual and collective responsibility to ensure that due care and diligence is exercised in the performance of clinical research. The research suggests some guidelines for stakeholder action.     

生产性服务品进口技术复杂度与技术创新能力——来自全球高科技行业的证据

现有研究认为货物贸易进口会抑制东道国技术创新能力,生产性服务品进口对技术创新能力是否存在差异？针对该问题,本文测算了55个国家生产性服务品进口技术复杂度和高科技行业的技术创新能力,并对两者关系进行了实证分析.结论显示:(1)与货物贸易对东道国技术创新的抑制作用不同,生产性服务品进口技术复杂度的提升会促进高科技行业创新能力;(2)在分位数回归中发现,随着点位的逐步提高,生产性服务品进口技术复杂度对高科技行业的促进作用得到强化;(3)从分行业贸易来看,金融服务品、计算机及信息服务品进口技术复杂度增加对高科技行业创新能力的促进作用较为强劲,通讯服务品进口则产生抑制效应;(4)由于可供模仿学习空间较大,生产性服务品进口复杂度增加对非OECD国家高科技产业创新能力的促进作用明显强于OECD国家.本文研究结论对我国发展生产性服务贸易、提高技术创新能力具有重要的政策启示.     

Infrastructure Development and Regulatory Reform in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Case of Air Transport

This paper analyses the main policy issues raised by regulatory reform in air transport in sub‐Saharan Africa. Its basic premise is that improving ait infrastructure is of paramount importance for the region as it tries to integrate more thoroughly into the world economy. On the basis of the experience of OECD countries with privatisation, liberalisation, and regulatory design, the author analyses progress being made in sub‐Saharan Africa and identifies three important case studies: the restructuring of the regional airline of Francophone Western Africa, the sell‐off of the state‐owned airline of Kenya, and the overall reform process in South Africa, by far the largest market in the sub‐continent. The analysis highlights the importance of regional dynamics in the upgrading of the air transport industry in developing and emerging areas. Sub‐Saharan Africa has made smaller progress in this respect than, for instance, Central America. As the start of the Millennium Round and the first WTO air transport review approach, these issues will gain policy priority for all countries, and may become powerful bargaining tools for non‐OECD countries to press for more open access into OECD markets for the South's traditional exports.     

The promotion of ethical entrepreneurship in the Third World: Exploring realities and complexities from an embedded perspective

Ethical entrepreneurship has become a global concern. Its promotion presents meaningful implications for entrepreneurs in both developed and underdeveloped countries. This article explores the supportive approach to ethical entrepreneurship in the Third World with a case study of one of the older NGOs in Zimbabwe that implements support programs for enhancing ethics-driven entrepreneurship. We give attention to the influence of context in the understanding of ethical entrepreneurship and provide guidance in its interpretation via the notion of embeddedness, which helps to clarify how the meaning and the measures to promote ethical entrepreneurship are shaped by the culture and values people share in contexts characterized by extreme poverty. Based on narrative interviews, informal conversations, direct observation, and secondary sources, findings show that the general success of support programs depends on the integration of the measures into local people’s expectations of what ethical means in the context of entrepreneurship.     

全球价值链中的知识转移与我国制造业升级路径

从全球价值链中的知识转移、知识扩散和组织学习角度出发分析了发展中国家本地企业技术能力的形成过程和产业升级的机制,从创新类型和技术专有性两个维度构建了价值链升级的坐标体系,从工艺、产品、功能和跨越价值链四个角度提出了具体的产业升级路径。最后以联想公司为例分析了我国制造业如何在价值链中攀升从而获得持续的竞争优势。