What Drives Monetary Policy in Post-Crisis East Asia? Interest Rate or Exchange Rate Monetary Policy Rules

This paper estimates a simple small open macroeconomic model to analyse the effectiveness of monetary policy rules (MPRs) where either the nominal interest rate or the nominal exchange rate is the policy instrument. The aim is to ascertain which of those MPRs are best suited for a selection of inflation targeting economies of Asia. Normally, one would associate inflation targeting with interest rate rules but it is thought that, due to fear of floating, exchange rate rules may well be more effective given the openness of these economies. It is found that interest rate rules seem to better reflect the prevailing policy regime than exchange rate rules. It is also found that stronger relationships pertaining to the interest rate rules are found in the case of Korea and Thailand than for Indonesia and the Philippines. Exchange rates appear to be very influential in determining the value of the nominal interest rate but not in a policy sense.     

利率市场化与中国货币政策调控方式转变

文章探讨了我国利率市场化改革推进过程对于货币政策调控方式由数量型向价格型转变的影响。基于一般均衡模型的理论分析发现,利率市场化水平越高,货币需求的波动性越大,利率传导渠道的障碍越少,从而货币当局选择价格型调控方式的条件也就越成熟。采用季度宏观经济数据,构建四变量SVAR模型,通过脉冲响应分析和方差分解考察在利率市场化改革不断推进的过程中,数量型和价格型货币政策调控方式对于实现货币政策最终目标的相对作用。实证结果表明:数量型调控方式在我国货币政策调控体系中仍然处于主导地位;价格型调控相对数量型调控具有时滞短与力度温和等优点;随着我国利率市场化水平不断提高,价格型调控方式的优势将表现得更加突出。     

Interest Rate Pass‐through in Malawi: Implications for the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy

This study investigates the interest rate pass‐through in Malawi and its implications on monetary policy effectiveness. Using the cost‐of‐funds approach and monthly data from 2009 to 2015, an autoregressive distributed lag model is fitted. Results show that there is a near complete pass‐through to the lending rate but not the savings rate. The magnitude of the pass‐through is relatively higher under smaller banks. The results suggest that the structure of the banking industry matters. Market power is important in understanding the variation in lending and savings rates across banks. Overall, short‐term rates as operating targets are consistent with inflation targeting in Malawi.     

利率管制、LPR与完全市场化下的货币政策传导机制:理论对比与实证检验

2019年8月,中国人民银行正式启用修订后的贷款基础利率(LPR),标志着中国利率市场化改革步入收官阶段。这使得有关利率市场化能否保障货币政策有效性并从根本上改善货币政策传导效率的探讨再度成为焦点。鉴于此,文章构建了DSGE模型和TVP-VAR模型,详细对比了不同市场化程度下利率政策的有效性和传导效率,主要得出以下三点结论:第一,随着市场化程度的不断加深,产出、通胀与企业价值对利率调控的反应愈加敏感,表明利率市场化改革能够优化利率的宏微观传导效率;第二,模拟分析显示,完全市场化将会大幅降低利率政策的宏观传导效率,同时还可能诱发逆向选择并导致微观传导渠道失灵,因此货币当局仍应对利率完全市场化持必要谨慎;最后,实证检验结果表明,LPR的推出进一步提高了利率传导效率,这说明在完全市场化的初级阶段,采取LPR等过渡元素逐渐加强市场定价主导地位不失为双轨合一过程中的有益尝试。     

货币政策透明度、通胀偏差与预期成本

由于预期的形成是需要成本的，本文通过建立一个引入预期成本的简单模型，分析可得信息的开发和处理信息成本之间的权衡关系对货币政策博弈的影响。模型得到两个结论：一是提高货币政策的透明度可以降低通货膨胀率；二是在特定的情况下，越“保守的”中央银行可能会导致更高的通货膨胀。因此，为了减少由动态不一致所导致的通胀偏差，中央银行越保守，就应该越透明。     

零利率约束下的货币联盟最优财政政策

文章将零利率约束引入两国新凯恩斯模型来研究货币联盟的最优财政政策。财政政策分承诺规则和相机抉择两种情况,当本国遭受技术冲击时,无论政策是承诺规则还是相机抉择,本国都将增加政府支出和政府债务,外国则是减少政府支出和债务,且零利率约束时的两国财政支出和政府债务均大于无零利率约束时。福利分析表明,承诺规则下的零利率约束恶化了本国福利,但会改善外国福利,整体上恶化货币联盟福利;相机抉择下的零利率约束恶化了本国、外国及货币联盟福利;无论有无零利率约束,承诺规则的货币联盟福利损失均大于相机抉择。     

中国货币政策冲击的真实利率渠道:国际比较与政策含义

经济理论认为货币供给短期内对真实经济有实质影响。本文通过国际比较研究发现中国货币供给与宏观经济波动之间的相关性远远高于世界其他主要经济体。对于货币供给、真实利率和产出波动之间的关系,本文认为在名义利率粘性条件下,真实利率是中国货币政策冲击的重要渠道之一,在此基础之上构建了一个通过真实利率渠道来解释中国货币供给与宏观经济波动独特相关性的理论框架,并提出相关的政策含义。     

Monetary Model of Exchange Rate for Thailand: Long-run Relationship and Monetary Restrictions

Abstract

This paper examines the long-run relationship between exchange rate and its determinants based on the flexible-price monetary model. The multivariate cointegration approach is adopted to attain our objective of this study. The empirical results provide evidence favoring the monetary approach to exchange rate for a small and open emerging economy, namely Thailand. In addition, the validity of the underlying assumptions of the monetary approach to the determination of exchange rate is established. The findings suggest that exchange rate players may effectively monitor and forecast the exchange rate movement via the money supplies, incomes, and interest rates variables of both Thailand and Japan. Besides, one has to follow the economic development of Thailand's major trading partner, Japan, to understanding the movement of exchange rate for Thailand. Moreover, our findings add new insights to accompany previous studies that documented the important influence of the US in the emerging Asian economies.     

关于利率政策与货币政策效力关系的一点思考与探索

利率政策会影响一国货币政策的制定和实施,尤其在开放经济条件下,利率效应在国际间存在传递,加剧了央行制定货币政策的难度。货币政策效力趋于减弱甚至无效。本文从消费、投资两个方面分析了我国利率政策效率低下,货币政策效力不大。在此基础上,提出了如何改善利率政策,进而提高货币政策效力。     

利率市场化的货币模型分析--从一种全新角度的审视

以利率管制为核心的金融压制已经成为阻碍我国经济进一步发展的瓶颈，因此央行正逐步放开对利率的管制，实现其市场化。金融深化论者认为，提高实际利率是缓解金融压制、刺激经济增长的必要条件。而本文建立了一个货币经济模型，分析利率与宏观经济运行的关系，得出利率市场化后虽然可以发挥利率传递信息、配置资源的作用，但实际利率过高会加大金融风险、抑制经济增长这一结论，并通过对中国实际情况分析后认为，利率市场化后实际利率有大幅上升的压力，提出了我们面对可能的不利情况所应采取的对策。     

加息：破解“劫贫济富”的负利率

10月19日晚7点,中国人民银行宣布,自2010年10月20日起上调金融机构人民币存贷款基准利率。一年期存款基准利率上调0.25个百分点,由现行的2.25%提高到2.50%;一年期贷款基准利率则由现行的5.31%提高到5.56%。     

Exchange Rate Risk and Interest Rate: A Case Study for Turkey

This paper examines the effect of exchange rate risk on interest rates within the uncovered interest rate parity condition for Turkey. When the interest rate is measured with the Treasury auction interest rate and the exchange rate risk is measured with the conditional variance of the exchange rate, then we found that there is a positive relation between the exchange rate risk and interest rate with the data from December 1986 to January 2001.     

Monetary Policy Impulses and Retail Interest Rate Pass‐Through in Asian Banking Markets

This paper considers the integration of financial markets and mutual influences of monetary policies in the USA and Asia based on monthly data from 1994 to 2007. We used panel‐type and time‐series and quantile panel‐type error correction models to test the influences of expected and unexpected monetary policy impulses on the interest rate pass‐through mechanism in the financial markets of 9 Asian countries and the USA. The empirics show that if interest rate integration exists in the financial markets, the following effects are observed: (i) positive impulses of unexpected monetary policy will lead to an increase in the long‐run multiplier of the retail interest rate; (ii) the adjustment of retail interest rates with short‐run disequilibrium will lead to an increase in the long‐run markup; and (iii) the empirical results of quantile regression prove that when the interest variation is greater than the 0.5th quantile and unexpected monetary policy impulses are greater than the expected monetary policy impulses, the short‐run interest rate pass‐through mechanism becomes more unstable.     

数量型还是价格型货币政策比较——基于利率市场化角度的分析

利率市场化进程中,数量型还是价格型货币政策合适?文章考虑金融市场上的金融加速器特征,将其引入DSGE模型,通过校准、模拟,从宏观经济波动幅度、不同货币政策下冲击效应以及福利损失函数三方面综合分析了利率市场化过程中数量型和价格型货币政策有效性问题。研究结果显示,随着存款利率的上升,在熨平经济波动方面,价格型货币政策更有优势;在促进经济增长方面,数量型货币政策更有优势;对央行损失而言,价格型货币政策的损失更小。因此,中央银行应根据需要灵活的运用数量型和货币型搭配使用,做好数量型向价格型转变。     

中国的利率和汇率问题

2005年全球经济面临失衡,一方面是美国巨额的贸易赤字,一方面是发展中国家积累了大量的贸易顺差,尤其是中国持续的双顺差.全球经济失衡,中国经济也不平衡,那么中国自身不平衡的问题到底在哪里?宏观经济政策,尤其是利率、汇率政策该如何尽可能化解失衡带来的风险?     

人民币汇率、汇率预期与短期跨境资本流动：基于MS-VAR模型的实证分析

在不同的宏观经济背景下,汇率和跨境资本流动之间的关系可能存在差异。文章利用MS-VAR模型对1999～2020年间不同经济区制下人民币汇率、汇率预期和跨境短期资本流动之间的联动机制进行了实证分析。文章将经济状态划分为区制1和区制2两个不同区制,两个区制间的转换节点主要位于国内重要汇改及2008年美国次贷危机等时点附近。相比于区制1,区制2下经济具有更大的波动性且经济状态的惯性更强。另外,在区制2下跨境短期资本流动冲击容易带来人民币汇率和汇率预期的同向变化,后者又会对跨境资本流动产生正向反馈。基于这些分析结论,文章对中国的外汇和资本账户管理提出了政策建议。     

EMU, Monetary Policy Interactions and Exchange Rate Stability

EMU leads to the elimination of monetary policy coordination failures within the euro area. Whether this translates into more transatlantic exchange rate stability depends on the origin of economic shocks. Martin's (1997) conclusion that EMU will lead to more stable exchange rates is shown to hold for both symmetric and asymmetric shocks in Europe, but not for shocks that originate outside Europe. The results remain valid when taking into account that the pre-EMU era was characterised by a Bundesbank-led ERM, rather than a free float. Finally, the results are checked for a future expansion of the euro area.