3,3,17,17-亚乙二氧基-7-羰基-雄烯二酮的合成研究

以雄烯二酮为原料,经3,17位亚乙二氧基化,7位烯丙位氧化合成了目标化合物3,3,17,17-亚乙二氧基-7-羰基-雄烯二酮,总收率为45.2%。目标化合物和中间体的结构经IR,1 H NMR和MS确证。3,3,17,17-亚乙二氧基-7-羰基-雄烯二酮烯丙位氧化的最佳合成条件如下:n(PDC)∶n(t-BuOOH)∶n(3,3,17,17-亚乙二氧基-雄烯二酮)=4∶4∶1,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为5h。此合成方法反应原料易得,反应条件温和且产率高。     

合成对二氧环己酮

从工业化的制备角度考虑,通过对工艺路线的选择,确定了工业化合成对二氧环己酮(PDO)单体的最佳工艺路线——由β-羟基乙氧基乙酸盐合成,以氢氧化钠、乙二醇、氯乙酸钠为起始原料,合成的β-羟基乙氧基乙酸钠收率可达80.8%。通过对工艺条件的优化,确定了合成PDO关键步骤的最优条件,即盐酸与β-羟基乙氧基乙酸盐物质的量比为0.95∶1,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为40 min时,产物PDO收率最高。对产物的定性和定量分析表明,通过实验得到了PDO产品,最高收率可达66.2%,但纯度还未达到聚合条件,以后还需对其纯化方法作进一步的探索和研究。     

N-甲基-邻苯二甲酰亚胺的合成

N-甲基-邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NMP)合成方法主要有2种：一种是用邻苯二甲酰亚胺钾盐和碘甲烷的烷基化反应制备(收率为77％)，或用邻苯二甲酰亚胺的钾盐二酰亚胺和对甲苯磺酸甲酯发生烷基化反应；另一种方法是基于苯酐和气体或液体甲胺反应，本方法包括2步反应，苯酐和甲胺     

改性C.I.分散黄241合成方法的研究

文章介绍了一种改性C.I.分散黄241的合成方法,该方法包含N-甲基-4-甲基-6-羟基-2-吡啶酮的合成和改性分散黄241的合成两个步骤。考察了硫酸的用量、反应时间和反应温度对N-甲基-4-甲基-6-羟基-2-吡啶酮的合成实验的影响,重点研究了N-甲基-4-甲基-6-羟基-2-吡啶酮的合成的后处理,探索出一种较合理的实验方法,提高了第一步N-甲基-4-甲基-6-羟基-2-吡啶酮的利用率,降低了废水中的COD。合成的改性分散黄241与现有产品分散黄241相比,产品的耐pH值变色性能有明显提高。     

低游离甲醛双氰胺甲醛缩聚物絮凝脱色剂的制备

为了提高对废水的脱色效率,以双氰胺、甲醛和氯化铵为主要原料合成了水溶性阳离子絮凝脱色剂,考察了投料比、反应温度、反应时间等因素对絮凝脱色剂脱色效果的影响,优选了絮凝脱色剂合成的工艺条件。结果表明,双氰胺、甲醛和氯化铵物质的量比为1∶2.1∶0.9,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为2.5h,pH值为10,脱色剂用量为1.0%时所得絮凝脱色剂的脱色效果最佳。通过实验还探讨了絮凝脱色剂中游离甲醛的去除机理及最优去除方案。结果表明,先加入n(双氰胺)∶n(甲醇)=1∶2.8,再加入n(双氰胺)∶n(尿素)=1∶0.04,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为4h,可使游离甲醛含量降到0.124%,最终合成低游离甲醛、高脱色率的絮凝脱色剂。     

聚乳酸包装材料合成研究

环保包装产业正处于一个不断发展和进步的阶段,国内外对具有高安全性和生态效益的包装材料的需求也不断上升。聚乳酸（PLA）作为环保材料的一员,性能优良、用途广泛,具有不可估量的消费潜力和发展前景。本文对直接合成聚乳酸的方法进行了研究。采用红外表征及X射线荧光衍射（XRD）分析方法,分析了制备的聚乳酸结构,探讨了制备过程中催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对聚乳酸产率的影响。结果表明：在现有实验条件下,选用辛酸亚锡为催化剂,反应温度180℃、反应时间12～14h、辛酸亚锡用量n（I）/n（M）=0.005时,可得到高产率的聚乳酸。     

帕利哌酮中间体的制备方法

3-（2-氯乙基）-2-甲基-9-羟基-6,7,8,9-四氢-4H-吡啶并[1,2-a]嘧啶-4-酮（简称CMHTP）是帕利哌酮合成关键中间体。以2-氨基-3-羟基吡啶为起始原料,与2-乙酰基丁内酯进行环合反应,与氯化亚砜进行氯化反应,与氢气进行氢化反应生成CMHTP,三步反应收率达48%,产物HPLC纯度达98%。     

C5膦酸脂中间体合成路线的改进优化

本文以3-Cl丁烯为原料,通过羰基化反应一步合成2-乙烯基丙烯乙酯,从而合成目标产物C5磷酸酯。并对反应条件进行考察优化,得到在反应温度为80℃,催化剂为醋酸钯,溶剂为甲苯的优化条件。反应结束后经过乙酸乙酯洗涤反应体系分层后的甲苯相可直接套用于下一次反应。     

通过Ullmann反应合成3-吖啶酮酸

以2-溴-1,4-二甲苯和苯胺为起始原料,通过氧化、Ullmann反应、环化生成3-吖啶酮酸。重点考察了不同溶剂、催化剂、反应时间对Ullmann反应收率的影响,确定最佳反应条件如下:以丁醇作溶剂,溴化亚铜为催化剂,于120℃加热5h得到邻苯氨基对苯二甲酸,产率为70.5%。目标化合物及中间产物的结构经核磁和质谱分析得以确证。     

2-乙氧亚胺基-2-(5-氨基-1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基)乙酸的合成

2-乙氧亚胺基-2-(5-氨基-1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基)乙酸类化合物多用于新型头孢菌素类药物的合成,确定了其合理的工艺路线,以氰基乙酰胺为原料,经肟化、烷基化、三氯氧磷脱水、氨解、溴代、环合、碱性水解得到目标产物。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

Material power and normative conflict in global and local agrifood governance: The lessons of ‘Golden Rice’ in India

This special section aims to investigate the interaction of global and local forces in shaping agrifood governance. It starts from the recognition that a multitude of actors and norms shape today’s agrifood system. The resulting opaqueness of the systems makes it extremely difficult to understand and explain processes and outcomes of agrifood governance. Given the sustainability challenges facing the agrifood system, improvements in our understanding of what the interaction of global and local actors and norms means on the ground are urgently needed, however. The section, therefore, analyses agrifood governance in India across a selected group of cases. It does so by employing a systematic framework emphasizing the material and ideational dimensions of power and their interaction. The section has chosen India as the setting in which to analyze this interaction due to the crucial role the food demand and supply of this rising power plays in today’s agrifood system. This article provides the special sections’ analytical framework, which uses the interplay of material and ideational dimensions of power as a focal lens. In addition, the article applies this framework to an empirical study of the political conflict around GMO foods in India, specifically the case of ‘Golden Rice’.     

蒸汽热量计量应用的探析

研究了石油化工企业的燕汽计量情况,着重对蒸汽热量计量的合理性进行了分析,阐述了蒸汽热量计量的依据及计算方法,以及蒸气热量计量对节能降耗的重要意义.     

论传统旗袍文化与现代时装

中国的旗袍文化蕴含着非常丰富的文化内涵和设计思想,如今旗袍的普及受到一定的限制,只有经过改良,才可变局限性为可行性,才可使旗袍焕发青春,走向新时代。     

望峰岗矿井贯通测量技术分析

在深部开采矿井两井间贯通测量时,利用加测陀螺定向边和用四架法代替传统的三架法测量,分析了由起始边的方位角误差引起的支导线终点误差及由测角量边引起的导线终点的点位误差.