"三农"问题的制度因素及政策调整

“三农”问题由来已久 ,2 0世纪 80年代初的农村改革 ,曾使我国农业、农村、农民的境遇得到一定改善 ,但随着家庭承包经营政策释放效应的减弱 ,农产品供求关系的变化 ,我国“三农”问题再次凸显。尽管我国各级政府为解决“三农”问题采取了大量的措施 ,但“三农”问题依然十分严峻 ,其深层原因就在于产生“三农”问题的制度因素大量存在。因此要彻底解决“三农”问题 ,就必须消除产生“三农”问题的制度障碍。一、“三农”问题的制度因素产生“三农”问题的制度因素比较复杂 ,既有国家宏观层面的政策因素 ,也有微观层面的技术因素。归纳起来…     

提高农村人口素质解决"三农"问题

我国虽然是一个农业大国,但“三农”问题极其严重。农村不发达,农业生产条件落后、现代化程度低,农民收入低、增收难。形成“三农”问题有多方面的原因。如工农产品交换中的价格“剪刀差”,从新中国成立之初到20世纪90年代末,我国农民为国家工业化和城市发展提供资金积累(农村资金净流出)达2万多亿元,大约相当于同期社会资本存量的2/3。还有二元结构政策:     

耕地资源价值重建与农业补贴--一种解决"三农"问题的政策取向

研究目的:从耕地资源的价值重建出发,探索在WTO<农业协议>框架下的农业补贴政策,提出一种缓解"三农"问题的新思路.研究方法:文献资料法和逻辑分析法.研究结果:耕地问题和"三农"问题息息相关,而耕地资源价值重建为农业补贴政策提供了理论依据和实施标准,农业补贴政策则为我国当前农民增收提供了一种政策途径.研究结论:(1)全面实现耕地资源的经济价值、认识价值的生产价值、道德价值的生产价值、以及审美价值的生产价值,对农民进行与农业生产不挂钩的直接补贴;(2)实现耕地资源的生态价值,对农民进行直接的农业环境保护补贴;(3)实现耕地资源的社会价值,建立农村社会保障体系并根据社会价值量的大小为农民支付部分保险费用.     

论新一轮宏观调控背景下的新"三农"政策--对"新农业政策"的一个扩展

在新一轮宏观调控大背景下 ,新农业政策、新农村政策和新农民政策构成了新“三农”政策的三大支柱。新“三农”政策的初步实践表明 ,它在工农关系、城乡关系和政府与农民关系上已经或即将取得重大突破。新“三农”政策的未来走向是 ,进一步构建解决“三农”问题的长效机制 ,充分发挥地方政府在解决“三农”问题上的作用 ,努力提高农民的组织化程度。     

金融支持"三农"发展的思考

一、“三农”问题现状 农业、农村、农民,称为“三农”。农业的振兴、农村的稳定、农民的富裕,关系到一个国家的稳定与发展。在任何一个国家,“三农”问题都是不可忽视的,如何利用有效的政策支持来扶持“三农”的发展是每一个国家所面临的问题和难题。在发达国家,对于“三农”的支持力度是相当大的,高额的补贴扶持着农业的发展,我国这方面却做得远远不够。     

解决"三农"问题必须加快城镇化的进程

“十六“大报告提出了全面建设小康社会的目标 ,其重点和难点都在农村。过去解决“三农”问题的思路多半局限于农业本身 ,提出的办法是想方设法调整农业种植结构 ,增加农业投入 ,提高农业产出 ,保护农产品价格 ,减轻农民负担。但笔者认为要从根本上解决“三农”问题 ,关键是通过加快城镇化进程 ,引导农村富余劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移 ,从而逐步提高城镇化水平 ,消除城乡差别 ,实现全面建设小康社会的目标。一、只有提高城镇化水平才能解决农产品过剩问题随着我国进入中等收入国家行列 ,国内居民对农产品的需求弹性逐渐降低 ,同时我国农产…     

解决"三农"问题的战略思路与政策措施

面对经济发展中的“三农”问题，我国下一步的农村政策还需要重新调整，需要调整经济发展思路采取新的政策。必须放弃工业化实期追求农产品产量最大化和过度抽取农业剩余资本的政策目标，将政策目标的支持重点转移到提高农产品质量、增加农民收入的改善生态环境等方面来。围绕这三大政策目标，今后宜采取“调、减、补、投、改”等五项新农业政策，即调整农业结构，减轻农民负担，加大对农业的补贴力度，强化国家对农业、农民的投入支持，改革农村管理体制。     

当前我国农业结构调整与"三农"关系分析

本文通过分析我国“三农”现状,剖析农产品市场因素,提出农业结构调整应注意的问题。我国三农问题的出路是通过调整农业结构,消除农村贫穷,增加农民可支配性收入。     

浅谈"三农"财政政策缺陷的弥补

在我国,城乡二元经济结构特征明显,矛盾突出。“三农”问题已成为全面建设小康社会的重要屏障之一,目前尽管影响中国“三农”问题解决的因素较多,但财政支持力度不足、政策错位和缺陷较大,不乏是其中重要因素之一。“三农”的财政政策的缺陷表现在：财政对农业的支持力度不足,支农支出比重逐年下降;财政支农支出结构不合理,农民直接受益的支出较少;财政补贴方式不合理,农民得到的实惠较少;农业税制显失公平,农业和农民得不到休养生息。如何弥补财政政策的缺失,是本文要思考的问题。     

浅谈工业化与化解新疆"三农"问题

随着我国改革开放的不断深入,一些积累性矛盾,特别是“三农”问题日渐凸现。本文通过对新疆工业化进程的定量分析,从工业化与“三农”问题的内在联系出发,着重指出农民充分就业是化解“三农”问题的中心环节,实现工业化进程和农民充分就业的有机结合是化解“三农”问题的有效途径。     

对特色农业、产业化经营与农业竞争力的理论分析

提高农业竞争力是市场农业发展的主要目标和我国农业应对入世挑战的迫切需要。理论分析表明，发展特色农业可以显著地提高农业竞争力，而特色农业要做大做强做优离不开产业化经营。本文通过对特色农业、产业化经营与农业竞争力关系的理论分析，得出了这样的结论：特色农业 产业化经营=农业竞争力。     

Agriculture, pesticides and the ecosystem

Economists have a good understanding of intra-economic interdependence and a mature methodology of modelling it. Ecologists focus on the complex and sensitive interactions of species in ecosystems. This paper’s objective is to suggest a new micro-foundation of ecosystem analysis based on economic methodology, to integrate the analyses of the ecosystem and the economy and focus on the interface of ecosystem-economy relations. Agriculture forms a major part of this interface. The basic assumption is that in the short run the individual organisms of all species behave as if they optimise their costly offensive and defensive activities given other organisms’ activities (Nash-behaviour).We consider an ecosystem with three species in a unidirectional food chain: buzzards feed on mice, mice feed on grain, and grain feeds on solar energy. A fourth species, humans, also feeds on grain. Humans intervene in the ecosystem in various ways. They can grow grain by using seed, farm labour, pesticides and possibly nature conservation measures to maintain buzzard habitat. Short-run ecosystem equilibrium is characterised, and it is shown, in particular, how this equilibrium depends on farming activities. We then link this ecosystem model to a simple model of an agricultural economy. Both systems are solved for equilibrium simultaneously. From an economic perspective the ecosystem induces positive and negative externalities in agricultural production and in consumer ‘green’ preferences.The inefficiencies of the competitive economy are identified and some possibilities to restore efficiency through corrective taxes or subsidies are briefly discussed. We also outline how short-run equilibria are connected through ecosystem stock-flow relationships. Due to the complexity of the inter-temporal analysis, the resulting ecosystem dynamics cannot be characterised in general analytical terms. It is a topic for future research to study the dynamics in numerical analysis to understand under which conditions the joint ecological and economic system is driven toward a (sustainable) steady state.     

Agriculture,transportation, and the COVID-19 crisis

In this short paper, I assess how COVID-19-related disruptions in transportation services, as well as new demands for transportation services, could impact Canadian agricultural supply chains. The brief analysis reveals that agricultural access to bulk ocean freight, rail movement, and trucking has generally improved in the pandemic, bolstered by the reduced demand for these transportation services by other sectors of the economy. The intermodal containerized movement of grains and food products has seen some disruption from the lack of empty containers in North America. The widespread consumer adoption of physical distancing measures has vastly increased the demand for retail food pickup and delivery services to the point where these services are being rationed by long wait times. From a policy perspective, there is an apparent need for (a) continued supply chain monitoring and industry engagement, (b) the proactive development of strategies to deal with absenteeism and other potential threats to the supply chain, and (c) an assessment of the economic and health merits of providing additional public resources to provide greater access to grocery pickup and delivery services.     

Aid to Agriculture, Growth and Poverty Reduction

Agriculture and rural growth promotion show a recent 'comeback' in development cooperation, but action on the ground so far is not sufficient. After years of neglect, policy makers have recognized that poverty reduction in many low income countries can only be achieved if development efforts are clearly focused on the sector which employs most of the poor, and the space where most of the poor live. The importance of agricultural growth was amply demonstrated during the economic transformation of Asia. Forty years ago, Asia was a continent of widespread poverty. Today, most Asian countries are experiencing significant growth and poverty reduction. Rapid growth in productivity in the small-farm sector helped drive this process. Sub-Saharan Africa, however, failed to achieve rapid agricultural growth and remains mired in poverty and hunger. If Africa is to halve poverty by 2015 in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), agriculture will need to maintain an annual growth rate of 6 per cent between 2000 and 2015. China's experience from 1978 to 1984 shows such growth is possible. Achieving the desired rapid rates of growth in Africa will require coherent policies by governments and donors, a substantial investment of public resources in rural infrastructure and access to agricultural technology, and significant improvement in national governance.     

贸易自由化与中国的农业、贫困和公平

本项研究的目标是分析贸易自由化对中国农业及不同地区农民的农业生产(尤其是贫困农民)的影响，重点计论了中国贸易自由化进程和市场干预的变化与内容。利用CAP-SiM模型分析表明，贸易自由化对中国农业的总体影响利大于弊，但是对贫困农户的不利影响要大得多，贸易自由化可能有助于一些地区缓解贫困，但会恶化另一些地区的收入分配，同时会加剧地区内部农户的收入不均现象。     

Efficiency Wages, Deferred Payments, and Direct Incentives in Agriculture

Empirical evidence from agricultural labor markets is consistent with efficiency–wage theory and inconsistent with several alternative explanations. According to this theory, the higher wage or deferred payment (benefits) that direct–hire growers pay relative to that of farm labor contractors is an efficiency wage. Growers use this extra compensation to lower their monitoring expenses and reduce shirking by workers.