大都市旅游功能及其规模影响的测度

旅游是一项重要的城市功能,本文在对国内外有关城市旅游功能研究文献分析的基础上,提出大都市旅游功能应该从广义的范畴来定义,包括旅游目的地功能、旅游客源地功能和旅游中转地功能等3个方面的研究内容.本文以我国东部沿海三大都市密集区内的上海、北京、天津、广州和深圳为样本都市,运用主成分分析法对都市旅游功能进行测度,初步揭示了5个都市的旅游功能空间演变规律及内部旅游功能转型的趋势.本文尝试为大都市旅游功能强度和规模的比较、评估提供一种概念框架和分析范式,力争为地方旅游政策的制定和旅游投资措施的出台提供参考.     

试论资源配置对上海都市旅游发展的影响

资源配置是推进上海都市旅游发展的核心内容 ,也是强化旅游市场竞争力的必要手段。旅游资源在时空上的优化组合 ,有助于形成上海都市旅游的特色 ,也是上海都市旅游获得跳跃式发展的关键。     

奥运后、世博前,共话会展节事与都市旅游——国际旅游学会第二届双年会综述

2008年11月在中国上海召开的国际旅游学会(ITSA)第二届双年会在"奥运后、世博前"的背景下集中探讨了大型会展节事活动对旅游业以及经济、社会、文化等方面的影响,特别是对都市旅游发展的动态影响,对中国、亚洲乃至全世界旅游及会展产业和会展、都市旅游研究产生重要影响.     

略论旅游资源生态位的概念与选择策略

生态位是生态学一个非常重要的概念.本文基于仿生学原理提出了一个新的旅游学概念--旅游资源生态位,并对旅游资源生态位的内涵及选择策略进行了探索性的研究.旅游资源生态位的概念包括3个层面的涵义:(1)旅游资源价值层位--"营养生态位";(2)旅游资源开发序位--"时间生态位";(3)旅游资源市场定位--"空间生态位".     

空间的生产与分析:旅游空间实践和研究的新视角

“空间的生产”是新马克思主义关于空间研究最重要的理论进展,该理论的主要主张是将马克思的社会历史辩证法翻转为历史辩证法的“空间化”,因其在认识和分析问题时表现出的整体性、彻底性和说服力成为人们重新认识空间本体的重要转折点.通过对“空间的生产”及延伸理论内涵的挖掘和解析,认为资本、权力和阶层是主要影响空间生产的政治经济和社会要素,该理论立足于人本主义哲学立场和人道主义价值观,基于空间社会统一体的认识,形成了系统性剖析社会空间问题的空间认识论、生产论、批判论和权利论基本框架,是对资本主义种种异化现象进行文化和社会层面批判的有力工具.改革开放30多年来,我国旅游蓬勃发展,旅游的社会、经济、文化等功能凸显,完成了从旅游资源大国向世界旅游大国的跨越;与此同时,一些地方旅游空间实践也出现了空间的社会化和社会关系的再生产.面对新问题,在研究向度上不能脱离旅游“社会-空间”辩证分析的理论视域;在概念体系分类层面,可以将旅游空间的实践(物理-地理空间)、旅游空间的再现(社会-经济空间)和再现的旅游空间(文化-心理空间)作为旅游“社会-空间”辩证分析范式;未来国家旅游愿景的实现应扬弃旅游空间生产带来的异化现象,警觉资本逻辑对旅游空间实践的另类牵引,并将空间正义作为新的发展伦理支撑.     

旅游减贫效应之辩 ——一个文献综述

PPT(pro-poor tourism,有利于贫困者的旅游)理念的提出和推行建立了旅游与贫困之间的直接联系,激发了学界对旅游发展与贫困减缓关系的广泛讨论.国内外学者在旅游减贫效应这一问题上产生了无休止的争议",旅游发展减缓了贫困""旅游发展加剧了贫困"和"旅游发展与贫困减缓无必然联系"三种观点同时存在.在相关文献的基础上,文章系统梳理了旅游减贫效应的产生机制及支持不同观点的经验证据,并对争议的形成原因进行了剖析.结果表明,贫困度量方法不统一、空间尺度和研究方法不同、发展环境及模式选择存在差异等因素造成研究结论的不一致,综合各方面而言",旅游发展减缓了贫困"这一结论更为合理.最后,对未来的相关研究进行了展望.     

经济发达县农耕文化旅游资源的挖掘

新西兰的旅游人类学专家科林·比姆带领一队外国专家在中国贵州的巴拉河与当地政府进行一个旅游合作项目时说:发展乡村旅游最重要的是自我定位,现在许多外国人都选择来到中国实地了解中国人,如果这些游客只想看几个著名景点,他们会选择去上海、北京、西安等地.但外国游客既然选择到贵州,就是因为这里的乡村之旅可以让他们看到中国的前50年、前100年甚至前500年的景象.此话表明,农耕文化遗存对乡村旅游发展和人类文化传播的深远意义.那些被都市旅游者青睐的封闭、落后农村,由于在旅游业兴起之前缺乏经济能力改善道路交通和住房条件,较好保存了旧村落原貌等物质的农耕文化和传统耕作与习俗等非物质的农耕文化,继续着落后的古老生产方式的同时也传承了今人向往的"人与自然和谐共存"的生存方式,旅游改变了那里的经济落后,也促进了农耕文化资源的保护.     

上海休闲旅游特色街空间结构及成因研究

休闲旅游特色街,作为上海都市旅游业发展的重要组成部分,日益受到关注和重视.本文通过对休闲旅游特色街空间结构的实证研究,在明确其空间分布现状以及构成特点的基础上,试图解读其多元化的形成原因,从而为休闲旅游特色街的深度开发和合理调整提供科学的依据.     

旅游者时间约束和空间行为特征的景区旅游线路设计方法研究

以人为本的旅游线路设计要充分考虑旅游者的旅行时间限制和空间行为特征,这有别于传统的至上而下、依据专家经验判断的旅游路线设计方法,逐渐引起旅游学者的重视.文章提出考虑旅游者时间约束和空间行为特征的旅游线路设计方法,首先考虑旅游者的旅行时间约束,然后基于GPS数据和社会网络模型分析旅游者对景点的选择特征,再利用GIS分析最优路径,综合构建了一种新的旅游线路设计方法.以厦门市鼓浪屿为例,对263个旅游者GPS轨迹及其94个选择景点进行了分析,提出了不同入口上岛旅游者在半天和一天的符合行为特征的旅游线路设计方案.结果表明,设计的旅游线路是对传统功能型旅游线路的有益补充,且符合路网空间形态和旅游流的空间分布特征;提出的框架具有可扩展性,对个性化的旅游线路设计也适用;研究的技术方法能够对认清旅游者行为规律、优化旅游景点开发、提升旅游者导航服务等具有较好技术支撑.     

都市旅游开放式景区的新形态与新挑战:以上海市为例

在中国都市旅游发展中,上海和北京是两个具有标杆意义的龙头城市.2011年,两个城市的国内旅游接待双双突破2亿人次数;2012年,上海、北京接待的入境过夜游客分别达651万和500万人次,率先突破500万大关.在北京,既有蜚声中外的故宫博物院、颐和园、八达岭长城等著名5A级景区,也有越来越受欢迎的开放式3A级景区,如前门大街、太古里、南新仓文化休闲街区和大栅栏商业街区,还有一些无A等级但有游客口碑的开放式景区,如帽儿胡同、琉璃厂、东交民巷、烟袋斜街和钱市胡同等.在上海,2012年首个没有围墙不卖门票的开放型都市4A级景区徐家汇景区问世,2014年初市政府又提出鼓励创建外滩、陆家嘴、世博园区三大开放式5A级景区.开放式景区是都市旅游发展转型升级的必然,也是都市旅游研究的新课题,它的问世将带来传统旅游景区概念、结构、服务等方面的突破与挑战,以及都市旅游发展新形态等方面的思考.     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.     

Leisure and the rich today: Veblen's thesis after a century

This paper calls for a revisionist reading of the thesis of the leisure class. Veblen's great work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that society is ruled by a leisure class. The primary identifying characteristics of this class are prodigious wealth, voluntary abnegation from pecuniary labour and conspicuous consumption. Veblen's argument suggested the decomposition of the work ethic because the characteristics cultivated by the rich would be emulated by the lower orders. Schor's The Overworked American (1991) work suggests that overwork, not leisure is one of the primary identifying characteristics of postwar culture. The article uses statistical and biographical data on the rich today to provide a counterpoint to Veblen's thesis. It is argued that the rich are not characterized by a rejection of work. On the contrary the richest people in the world typically work longer hours than the average. For these individuals work adopts a play form which probably contrasts sharply with wider social experience. Data on the leisure of Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Richard Branson is examined to assemble a position on leisure and the rich which contrasts with the Veblen thesis.     

Souvenirs: Icons of meaning, commercialization and commoditization

This article examines the development of souvenirs research in tourism studies. It looks at souvenirs from four broad vantage points, namely historical perspectives on souvenirs research, souvenirs as messengers of meaning, souvenirs as tradable commodities and the commodification of souvenirs and handicrafts. Part of this includes the supply and demand aspects of souvenir production and consumption, including the distribution system and various aspects of producers. The paper also considers the commodification process of native arts and crafts into consumable tourism products and suggests future directions for additional works in this understudied area of tourism research.     

The BYOB of wine phenomenon of consumers in the Australian licensed on-premise foodservice sector

The overall aim of this baseline exploratory study was to explore the behaviour of wine consumers while dining out in the licensed on-premise sector of foodservice outlets in Australia. It examined the incidence and dynamics of the rather unique situation associated with wine in these outlets, namely the “bring-your-own-bottle of wine” (BYOB) phenomenon. A total of 816 respondents provided information regarding their most recent dining out experience. It was found that the BYOB of wine phenomenon is quite prevalent in Australian licensed on-premise foodservice outlets with 26% of all diners reporting that they had engaged in this the last time they dined out. Females engaged in the BYOB of wine to a greater extent than males and cited the lower cost to them as the main reason. Evidence was also found that the main motivating factor for the BYOB of wine phenomenon among diners was their risk perception levels and that it was therefore employed by consumers mainly as a risk-reduction strategy (RRS). This study showed that the BYOB of wine phenomenon should be added to the knowledge base on generic risk-reduction strategies of the on-premise foodservice sector.     

Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts

This study investigated residents’ perceptions of tourism’s impact on communities. Data were collected via a statewide survey, using social exchange theory; results suggest residents recognize many positive and negative consequences. Those who feel tourism is important for economic development, benefit from it, and are knowledgeable about the greater positive impacts, but do not differ from others with respect to perceptions of tourism’s negative consequences. It is becoming clear that broad-based education and awareness campaigns may be a step toward increased understanding of the industry and, ultimately, greater support of the benefits to a community.     

Second home second view : Host community perceptions

This paper discusses second home owners' perceptions of facilities and services within the community, and moves beyond previous research that addressed primary motivation for location decisions. A total of 513 respondents contributed information on outdoor and indoor recreational activities, tax-supported services, health-care services, environment, crowding, and increases in tourism within a Wisconsin second home community. Findings show that the second home owners may influence the facilities, services, and sociocultural aspects of the community. Second home owners' attitudes and perceptions may be as important in determining community direction as permanent resident perceptions.     

Achieving Top Level Performance from a Multicultural Workforce

ABSTRACT

Today the business environment calls for top level performance. This means employees and managers must be highly motivated. This paper suggests there is one overriding force that forms the foundation upon which other motivational techniques must be built or applied. The foundation is: respect for cultural differences. Other managerial techniques are presented herein, that when built upon this foundation provide for potential employee and managerial success.     

Revisiting importance–performance analysis

As a tool to develop marketing strategies, importance–performance analysis has gained popularity among hospitality and tourism researchers for its simplicity and ease of application. This article revisited several conceptual and methodological issues inherent, but often overlooked, in using the importance–performance analysis framework. The author conducts a critical review of past studies, reanalyzes published data to raise questions, and develops suggestions for future hospitality and tourism research applying importance–performance analysis. The primary goal of this article was to stimulate further discussion and research on the validity and reliability of widely adopted importance–performance analysis.