论市场经济条件下的按劳分配

论市场经济条件下的按劳分配赵景峰近年来，我国经济学界围绕收入分配理论兴起了一场新的争论。这场争论是在我国市场化改革的过程中进行的。因而与以往多次争论相比，不仅收入分配中的一些新问题，如公平和效率的关系、收入分配差距、按生产要素贡献分配等等问题，在不断...     

为了控制收入差距的共识:经济学贡献了什么?

近年来,关于收入分配不均的成因,学术界已有比较成熟的研究,但对收入分配不均的影响的研究却很少,并且就公平而谈,公平很难在控制收入差距的政策上取得共识。本文基于现有的经济学文献,对收入分配不均的三大影响(贫困、社会流动性、经济增长)从经济学角度进行了分析,通过综述经济学家已得到的看法,为控制收入差距的政策提供一个理论基础,并指出未来的研究方向(包括收入分配不均对健康、社会资本、环境等方面的影响)及政策含义。     

开放程度与收入分配不平等问题——以中国为例

开放程度与收入分配不平等问题,这方面的研究文献很多,而且绝大部分都是作跨国研究,得到的结论也各不一致。从我们这里的跨国数据看,开放程度与收入分配不平等之间没有什么稳定的正向或是负向关系。因为跨国数据存在的种种局限,这里以中国为例进行跨省研究,研究结果显示:以外贸依存度所表示的开放程度与收入分配之间没有线性关系,不过收入差距与开放程度之间有一种凹型的图示关系,即在开放程度较低的时候,开放有利于收入分配差距缩小,在开放到了一定程度以后,开放却会扩大收入分配差距。以外商直接投资/GDP比值所表示的开放程度与收入分配之间则存在明显的负向关系。     

新型城镇化背景下城边村原居民市民化研究——以济南市为例

人口市民化的滞后制约了人口城镇化进程。基于2016年济南市城边村改造调查问卷与补充调查数据,本文利用SLA分析框架研究城边村原居民的拆迁意愿、住房选择行为等,考察其市民化现状、问题与影响因素,并提出相应的建议。研究发现:城边村原居民市民化意愿较低,倾向于就地安置;缺乏城市认同感,与城市社会网络连接薄弱;收入水平较低,缺乏稳定收入来源和城市社会保障。教育、医疗资源空间分配差异是影响城边村居民市民化的重要因素。由此,提出如下建议:尊重城乡文化差异,增强城市归属感;政府加强职业技能培训,促进本地就业;促进医疗、教育资源时空分配公平。     

经济发展水平与居民生活满意度关系的考察及其政策启示

通过对一个国际上权威的调查数据分析发现：从微观层面来看我国居民生活满意度与家庭收入具有正的相关关系．而从宏观层面来看居民生活满意度与地区经济发展水平没有明显的相关关系。产生这种现象的原因可能在于经济发展过程中出现的相对收入下降、收入分配不均、生活成本上升和环境污染等问题抵消了收入增加的作用。由此得出的政策启示是：政府政策不能单纯以GDP的增长为目标，必须同时注意收入分配、生活成本和环境污染等问题。     

文化程度等人口特征对城镇居民收入及收入差别的影响——三论经济发展对收入分配的影响

人口特征是影响经济发展与居民收入分配的重要因素。限于篇幅本文仅考察了文化、年龄及性别与收入及分配差别的关系。首先以回归法和列表法考察了这些特征与居民收入水平的关系;然后以泰尔指数测度了这些人口特征对居民收入差别的影响程度。研究表明,这些特征是制约居民收入变动的重要因素,是影响收入分配判别及其变动的重要变量。这些影响是正常且适当的。唯有年龄与居民收入的关系需要调整：应当加大征收中年段居民的社会保险费,充实社会养老金。     

FDI和我国产业间收入分配不均的研究

一、前言 东道国在引进外商直接投资时,既有有利的一面,又有不利的一面.不利的一面主要集中在探讨外资是否会扩大东道国的收入分配不均.     

中国收入差距转折点的讨论与述评

中国收入差距的转折点是否到来,在目前收入分配领域的争论日趋激烈。本文对当前收入分配领域的研究争论进行总结评述,结合当前经济社会发展阶段性特征对收入分配改革进行讨论。研究认为,中国已经具备了市场机制条件下收入差距转折点的基本条件,即将进入到收入差距缩小阶段,但是,非市场机制和全球化成为转折点到来的不确定因素。中国收入分配改革应该首先明确经济发展与收入差距变化所处的阶段性特征,改革重点是初次分配领域,关键是消除非市场机制对收入分配影响,再分配制度已经具备条件,但不应该作为首要目标或手段。     

收入分配制度改革亟待深化

收入分配问题包括两个方面：一是收入在居民之间的分配。过去一段时间内，衡量居民间收入分配不均程度的基尼系数有较大增长，缩小居民间的收入差距对于建设和谐礼会意义重大。二是收入在居民、企业和政府之间的分配。上世纪90年代后期以来，     

安徽收入差距问题与对策研究

近年来,随着安徽经济发展速度的加快和经济实力的增强,居民收入水平得以大幅增加。与此同时,安徽收入分配领域存在的矛盾和问题也是比较突出的。这些矛盾与问题若不能有效解决,将会对安徽经济持续健康快速发展和社会和谐稳定产生诸多不利影响。因此,必须重视和解决安徽收入分配领域所存在的问题与矛盾,积极寻找完善安徽收入分配格局的对策措施。     

Does Rising Income Inequality Reduce Life Expectancy? New Evidence for 26 European Countries (1995–2014)

An open debate these days is about how national income inequality could affect individuals’ health outcomes. Therefore, the present study aims to provide new evidence regarding life expectancy determinants and how they are related to the income inequality hypothesis. Precisely, it is provided new evidence on this relationship for 26 European countries during the period 1995–2014. The analysis is based on panel data techniques, with the latest data from both Eurostat and the OECD Health Statistics. Furthermore, data from the World Bank is also applied. Besides, we have tested the sensitivity of the estimates in our empirical analysis using three clusters of countries. Our results suggest that income inequality does not significantly reduce health in developed societies, like the European ones. Notwithstanding, as income inequality can be sometimes harmful for population health, these issues must be taken into account in order to improve health care policies.     

Do the Chinese “Keep up with the Jones”?: Implications of peer effects,growing economic disparities and relative deprivation on health outcomes among older adults in China

What are the health effects of unequal economic growth? What are the health consequences of ‘keeping up with the Jones’? Many developed countries (e.g., US and Japan) have experienced significant income growth between 1950s and 2000s but population survey shows that on average the population is not growing more satisfied with life. Theories that attempt to respond to these findings hypothesize that as income grows, people may spend more on conspicuous consumption because they compare themselves with others in their peer groups and care about their position in socio-economic distributions relative to others. Indeed, public health studies have found a relationship between income inequality and adult health outcomes in developed countries. Specifically, there seems to be a correlation between social hierarchy and mortality, as well as a correlation between social hierarchy and morbidity.China is a prime study site due to its growing spatial inequalities in the past decade. Though China has been committed to economic reform, different regions and cities have encountered very disparate rates of development and growth. In this paper, we utilize a set of panel data collected in China (China Health and Nutrition Survey 1989–2004) to examine the effects of peer groups, relative deprivation, and income disparities on individual health outcomes such as the probability of high waist circumference, body mass index categories, probability of hypertension, nutritional intake as well as health behavior such as smoking. We use a combination of multi-level mixed effects modeling as well as factor analysis to examine these effects and find significant and differential effects of income quartiles, peer groups, relative deprivation, and Gini coefficient on health.     

健康冲击、社会资本与农户经济脆弱性——基于“CHIP2013”数据的实证分析

健康人力资本在农村经济中发挥着重要作用,农户健康受损时,会通过"劳动效应"、"挤占效应"和"情感效应"影响其经济脆弱性,而社会资本作为一种非正式机制,在血缘、地缘与业缘关系的连接下,通过及时获取信息与资源等对农户经济产生影响。文章利用"中国家庭收入调查2013"数据实证分析了健康冲击和社会资本对农户经济脆弱性的影响及作用机制。通过倾向得分匹配（PSM）和处理效应模型解决内生偏误问题、建立中介效应模型后,回归结果显示：健康冲击会通过挤占效应和情感效应两条渠道机制对农户经济产生负向影响,社会资本分项指标则通过信任渠道机制对农户经济产生正向影响;男性户主更易因遭受健康冲击而陷入经济脆弱困境,处于劳动年龄的户主在利用社会资本缓解经济脆弱性方面更具优势;而社会资本在缓解健康冲击对农户经济脆弱性中的作用并不显著,一个可能的原因是在农村社会中,社会资本等非正式机制逐渐被正式医疗保障机制所替代。在稳健性检验中,构造基于预期贫困定义的贫困脆弱性指标（VEP）进行替换变量回归,进一步证实所得结论。文章的政策涵义在于,应加强对于农户健康风险的管理,并重新挖掘社会资本在农村经济发展中的作用,从而缓解经济脆弱性,阻断贫困。     

Economic Growth and Income Inequality: Evidence from Dynamic Panel Investigation

This paper empirically investigates the effect of income inequality on economic growth using extended panel data covering a broad range of developing and developed countries. We use system generalized method of moments (GMM) techniques in a dynamic panel analysis, which alleviates the possible positive bias in difference GMM due to the persistence of lagged dependent variables as instruments. We find strong evidence of a negative effect on growth from income inequality, which contradicts the findings of Forbes [2000, September. A reassessment of the relationship between inequality and growth, American Economic Review, 90(4), pp. 869–887] and Li and Zou [1998, October. Income inequality is not harmful for growth: Theory and evidence, Review of Development Economics, 2(3), pp. 318–34]. Further analyses using combined Gini coefficients show that the difference can be overall attributed to the problem of omitted control variables and the differences in how the variations in inequality across countries are reflected. We also find that the negative effects of inequality on economic growth can be of great significance when using a sample of less developed countries or more recent inequality data set.     

The dynamic effect of rural-to-urban migration on inequality in source villages: System GMM estimates from rural China

Using a newly constructed panel dataset that covers the 14-year period from 1997 to 2011 for more than 100 villages in China, this study analyzes the dynamic effect of rural-to-urban migration on inequality in source villages. Given that income inequality is time persisting, we use a system GMM framework. We found that the dynamic relationship between migration and income inequality is inversely U-shaped. Specifically, contemporary migration increases income inequality, whereas lagged migration has a strong income inequality-reducing effect on the sending villages. A 50 percent increase in the lagged migration rate translates into a one-ninth to one-tenth standard deviation reduction in income inequality.     

Income Inequality and Health: Do the Equivalence Scales Matter?

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between income inequality and health in the European Union countries using new data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). The heterogeneity of the households has been approached using different equivalence scales. A variety of different model specifications were tried using different dependent variables such as life expectancy at birth and child mortality. The results give support to the influence of income inequality on health indicators using aggregate data and panel techniques, and show the sensitivity of the Gini index to the equivalence scale considered.     

Estimating the future health care cost of population aging in South Africa

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses the relationship between health care expenditure and population aging in South Africa using yearly data from 1983 to 2015. Empirical evidence from an Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration indicates that old dependency and life expectancy are major drivers of public health expenditure in South Africa besides the income. Particularly, when structural breaks are controlled for, income exhibits a long-term elasticity with respect to health spending greater than unity; suggesting that South African public health care has become a luxury good over time. Interestingly, South African public health spending is found to be responsive to demographic development only in the long run. This is consistent with the micro evidence that health expenditure increases with individual age with significant impacts in the long term. Finally, using economic and demographic projections statistics, we find that public health expenditure could roughly double in the next fifteen years ceteris paribus.     

Unemployment, Poverty and Income Disparity in Urban China

This paper studies the issues of unemployment and poverty that have been appearing recently in urban China. It estimates the urban unemployment rate, poverty rate and income disparity using a new sample survey data set. Meanwhile, it analyzes the relationship between unemployment and poverty, and the effects of poverty on urban inequality. The main findings are that: (i) the urban unemployment rate reached 11.6% in 1999 and was a major cause of urban poverty; (ii) growing urban poverty is becoming the significant source of worsening urban inequality; and (iii) migrant households have an increasing influence on urban poverty and the pattern of urban income distribution. The paper concludes that urban income distribution has worsened since 1995, and urban unemployment and poverty are the major factors in this worsening.     

Does inequality in health impede economic growth?

This paper investigates the effects of inequality in health on economic growth in low and middle income countries. The empirical part of the paper uses an original cross-national panel data set covering 62 low and middle income countries over the period 1985 to 2007. I find a substantial and relatively robust negative effect of health inequality on income levels and income growth controlling for life expectancy, country and time fixed-effects and a large number of other effects that have been shown to matter for growth. The effect also holds if health inequality is instrumented to circumvent a potential problem of reverse causality. Hence, reducing inequality in the access to health care and to health-related information can make a substantial contribution to economic growth.     

教育、健康与农村居民收入差距

人力资本和收入差距关系一直是经济研究中的热点问题,作为人力资本的重要因素,教育和健康对我国农村居民收入差距的扩大起到了关键性的作用,而初始收入差距的存在必然会影响到居民对教育和健康的投资,从而产生人力资本差距,进而对收入差距产生重大影响。文章对相关的文献进行梳理和评述,并对其相互影响的机制进行了探讨和总结。