农民工进城务工性别差异的实证分析

本文应用第一手调查资料,从农户行为的微观角度研究了农民工进城的性别差异及其影响因素。分析显示,男女农民工在进城动因和障碍、进城途径、进城费用和收入等方面既表现出一些共同的趋势和规律,也显示出一定的差异性。考虑农民工进城的性别差异,制定相应的政策,将加快我国劳动力转移的步伐。     

Post-Crisis Gender Gaps: Women Workers and Employment Precariousness

The Gender Gap Index (GGI) is very useful when it comes to international comparisons, and it offers diverse and interesting approaches to equality, human wellbeing, and development. The central goal of this paper is to demonstrate the way in which this index is indirectly related to the distribution of public expenditure in different strategic sectors of economic development. When reducing healthcare and education expenditures in order to service the external debt due to institutional investors of the shadow financial system (SFS), the gender gap widens because of the austerity policies implemented by the state. This contributes to deepening of the unpaid work within the household, alongside widening the gender gap.     

性别主流化在集成水资源管理中的意义

集成水资源管理是促进管理地区水、土及相关资源协调发展和管理的过程,在该过程中,不仅强调当地居民的经济和社会福利最大化,而且要确保当地社会的公平和可持续性.广泛的公众参与和性别平等是集成水资源管理的基本原则,也是其公平、可持续性的体现.在集成水资源管理中,考虑性别问题,有利于女性在水资源管理中的充分参与,发挥妇女在水资源利用管理及环境保护中的重要作用,促进水资源管理可持续发展.此外,应用性别分析方法,能够使自然资源利用的分析更加精确.文章在介绍集成水资源管理概念和原则的基础上,结合社会性别分析理论,阐述了性别视角和分析方法在水资源管理可持续发展中的重要意义,并提出了在集成水资源管理中性别主流化的途径.     

Understanding the Remittance Gender Gap among Hispanics in the US: Gendered Norms and the Role of Expectations

Using the 2006 Latino National Survey (LNS), this study analyzes the existence of a gender gap in favor of men in the monetary remittance behavior of Hispanics residing in the United States. Findings indicate that cultural gender norms and expectations in the country of origin play a key role. The study shows that women migrants are less likely to remit than men and, when they do, they transfer smaller amounts. The remittance gender gap is not universal among subgroups, since it is only observable among Hispanics who came to the US to improve their economic situation, plan to return to their home country, and have low income and low schooling. An index on migrants’ perceptions of gender roles as a proxy for cultural gendered norms is constructed and shows that more traditional gender views are associated with a significant gender gap in favor of men in remittances.     

工作特征对性别工资差距的作用

补偿性工资是解释性别工资差距的理论之一。本文利用2006年中国综合社会调查(CGSS2006)数据同时考察了人力资本和工作特征的工资效应,并采用Jann(2008)提出的无歧视工资机制的估计方法,对性别工资差距进行了分解分析。研究发现,我国城镇劳动力市场两性的工作特征存在显著的差异,但部分工作特征对工资的作用方向并不符合补偿性工资理论的预期。管理职务上的差异对性别工资差距具有一定的解释作用,但加入大量的工作特征变量后,性别工资差距中总的可解释部分没有明显提高。由此推论,性别歧视可能是形成工资差距的重要因素。促进性别平等和妇女发展必须采取更加积极的公共政策和反歧视措施。     

性别工资差异中的企业效应

现有对性别工资差异的研究大多是基于个人样本的分析而忽略了企业的作用。本文运用企业和工人匹配的调查数据研究性别工资差异中的企业效应。研究发现,在工资决定方程中加入企业效应后工人的教育回报显著下降,且在性别工资差异的分解中加入企业效应后禀赋效应和价格效应所占的比例也显著下降,企业在性别工资差异中有着非常重要的作用。进一步研究发现,企业的外部市场环境和内部制度特征是决定企业性别工资差异程度的重要因素,市场竞争激烈的企业、经常采用计件工资制的企业以及内部职工收入差距较大的企业性别工资差异较大,小规模企业和私有产权比重较大的企业也呈现较大的性别工资差异,但工人的谈判能力有缩小性别工资差异的作用。     

Faculty Role Models and Diversifying the Gender and Racial Mix of Undergraduate Economics Majors

The sex, race, and undergraduate composition of newly minted Ph.D.s in economics is analyzed. Liberal arts colleges are shown to yield a disproportionate number of female economists while economists of color tend to come from comprehensive universities.     

劳动市场歧视理论以及中国农民工问题

十八届三中全会《决定》第三部分"健全城乡发展一体化体制机制"中对城乡二元结构、农业人口的市民化等问题的下一步解决方式、相关体制机制的改革方向提出了明确的要求。贯彻十八届三中全会的改革精神,针对目前广受关注的"农民工"问题,从农民工问题存在的渊源、原因入手,结合着理论研究和模型构建,分析中国目前的农民工在劳动力市场上的歧视问题,并给与相应的政策建议。     

农民工权益受损问题的思考

农民工为我国的社会经济发展做出巨大贡献,他们的权益保障也日益受到党和政府的重视,有的权益受到了保护,但是,与他们巨大贡献形成鲜明对比的是他们的权益保障还相对贫瘠,权益受损问题还严重存在。该文从对农民工社会权益受损问题入手,通过对其历史与制度的归因分析,着重从制度上提出了解决农民工社会权益问题的构想。     

性别收入差异及性别歧视的变化

性别歧视带来的性别收入差异一直备受关注。文章基于吉林省1990-2010年间三期妇女地位的调研数据分析了吉林省的性别工资差异问题,并运用Oaxaca-Blinder对性别收入差距进行了分解。文章对20年间吉林省的性别收入差异进行了横向和纵向的分析,实证研究得到如下结论:性别分割是我国劳动力市场上一直存在的一种现象,性别收入差距总体趋势在扩大;个体特征差异能够在一定程度上解释性别收入差异,现阶段性别收入差异在很大程度上是由于劳动者本身的人力资本水平引起的,是正常合理的范围;歧视仍然是造成性别收入差距的一个原因,女性在获得教育的机会上还是比男性要低,而且女性很难进入到高收入行业和职业,使得在教育方面女性仍然处于不利地位。但是经过20年的发展,对女性的歧视逐步减弱。     

中国农民工发展趋势与展望

本文在对中国农民工群体的发展趋势以及影响农民工问题解决的选择性因素进行系统分析的基础上,构建了农民工城乡流动和人口城市沉淀模型,描绘了农民工的人口城市沉淀曲线,指出了解决农民工问题的历史过程和基本思路。本文的基本结论是:农民工问题是个战略问题,将伴随我国现代化的全过程,并将伴随现代化基本实现而终结。农民工亦工亦农、亦城亦乡,流动就业,逐步向非农产业和城市转移,这种现象将长期存在。解决农民工问题要持城乡统筹方略,实行工业反哺农业、城市支持农村的方针;要以体制改革和政策创新为动力,逐步消除城乡二元结构;要以人为本,公平对待,构建解决农民工问题的社会支持体系。     

A Discrete-Time Hazard Analysis of the Role of Gender in Persistence in the Economics Major

So much has been done in terms of measuring the impact of economics courses on student knowledge and understanding of facts, concepts and principles, and so little research has dealt with the possible effects on student political attitudes, that this study by Scott and Rothman should be of great interest to economics instructors. The authors address themselves to George Stigler's assertion that “the education of an economist makes the person who receives it more conservative.” They report on the use of their own “Social Opinion Questionnaire” and how it was employed to investigate “the different effects, if any, introductory economics and introductory psychology have on opinions related to economic issues.”     

我国技工人才缺乏的原因及应采取的对策

一、我国技工人才缺乏的原因分析 第一,传统封建官僚文化的影响。在封建社会里,劳动者被认为是一钱不值的“草民”,不仅统治者鄙视,劳动者自己也轻视自己。如果探究历史渊源,技工人才的先祖应为匠人,在我国浩如烟海的典籍中,少见为匠人树碑立传,匠人和其他劳动者一样被统治者轻视。当劳动和劳动者不被人们尊重的时候,生产技艺或技术只能沦落为最下层人民混饭吃的工具,人们     

农民工：未完成的无产阶级化

农民工是改革的产物,也是改革的创造者。30年改革尘埃未定,中国俨然已经成为“世界工厂”,农民工是这一历史过程的新兴主体,它承栽了中国走向全球化伴生的所有矛盾与苦难,也必然承担着书写中国社会转型历史的伟大使命。中国未来与这一多达两亿的打工阶级息息相关,农村问题、城市发展、城乡关系、改革走向,几乎一切有关中国现状和未来的重要探讨都离不开对这一新兴阶级的认识。在改革开放30年之际,为更全面、更深刻地思考农民工以及农民工所承载的历史,2009年1月11日至18日,中山大学华南农村研究中心与香港理工大学—北京大学中国社会工作研究中心联合主办了第一期“中国城乡协调发展研究高级讲习班”,此次主题为“农民工与农民工社区”。来自中山大学、香港理工大学、香港科技大学、香港中文大学、香港大学、北京大学、中国社会科学院、北京师范大学、云南大学、上海大学、西南大学、西北工业大学、中国青年政治学院、南京师范大学、江汉大学、汕头大学、澳大利亚国立大学、广东工业大学、加州大学伯克利分校、加州大学洛杉矾分校、香港“女工关怀”志愿者组织、云南连心社区照顾服务中心等单位的师生逾60人在中山大学华南农村研究中心就此主题展开热烈讨论。本刊作为此次讲习班的协办单位,将分两期刊发部分发言者的发言内容。以下文字根据录音整理,部分标题为编者另拟。     

农民工工资拖欠的现状、根源与治理

农民工工资拖欠不仅对农民工本人带来了伤害,也对行业、社会、经济等方面带来了负面影响,究其原因,主要在于层层转包的用工制度。因此,要解决这个问题,首先应在取消这种用工制度的基础上,将农民工纳入企业统一的人事管理,实行按月发放的工资制度,进而逐渐规范诸如劳动合同制度等其它方面的管理。     

The Determination of Common Law Awards to Injured Workers

Prior to changes in the Western Australian legislation in 1993 an injured worker could sue his or her employer for damages at common law irrespective of the seriousness of injury or size of damages. A common law action is conditional on the personal injury being sustained during the course of employment, and caused by the negligence or breach of statutory duty of the employer. In recent years there has been concern expressed about the efficacy of the common law process in providing injured workers with awards that match their pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses. We address this issue by developing a model of the determination of common law awards in which we assume pre-trial settlement. We find that the economic mechanisms which bring plaintiff and defendant to a pre-trial settlement will not necessarily produce an award settlement consistent with the size of pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses. The model is subjected to an empirical examination using a sample of 384 plaintiffs whose cases were closed in Western Australia in 1990. Our results indicate that in practice the common law process fails to determine an individual assessment of injured workers' losses. In particular, awards represent an inadequate compensation for the losses suffered by severely incapacitated plaintiffs.     

Gender Roles,Occupational Choice and Gender Wage Differential*

This paper addresses the impact of occupational choice and the perception of gender roles on the gender wage differential. We examine the effect of occupational choice upon the level of wages and investigate the determinants of occupational choice. The evidence supports earlier findings that the wage differential is caused by demand discrimination within occupations. We also conclude that if females had a less traditional attitude towards their role in the labour market they would generate an occupational distribution that would produce a higher wage     

Globalization,Gender And The Davos Man

Using Karl Polanyi's analysis of the social construction of markets in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Europe, the paper applies his analysis to the formation of global markets in the late twentieth century. The paper argues that Polanyi's work needs to be engendered in order to take into consideration women's and men's different links to the market and to understand the construction of "economic man" gone global. The paper also addresses the feminization of the labor force across the globe and the possible effects on women's behavior and on the construction of "economic woman." The concluding section discusses alternative interpretations of this behavior.     

农民工工资与大学生工资的比较分析

当前,农民工工资高涨而大学生工资却一再低迷,这一现象引发社会热议。"大学毕业生工资不如农民工工资"并不真实,它具有一定的现实客观原因。从这一事件出发,对当前的大学教育进行反思。