ARBITRAGE AND INVESTMENT IN COMMERCIAL PROPERTY

Leases in commercial property in the UK usually allow for the rent to be revised at fixed intervals throughout the contract. This feature complicates the valuation of financial investment in commercial property because the income has contractual fixed compments as well as an equity-type variability. This paper presents a valuation method based on an arbitrage pricing approach to the occupancy of a property. The limitations of this method can be found in the inapplicability to observed rental contracts which limit rent revision to 'upwards-only' changes. From this characteristic, the method based on option pricing is proposed and the application of the model to conventional commercial leaseholds is demonstrated.     

EARLY EXERCISE OF AMERICAN INDEX OPTIONS

We show that exercise of American call options on stock indexes frequently occurs before expiration and attribute this early exercise to the “wild card” option that results from the cash settlement exercise process. The wild card represents an “implied option” to sell the index option at the fixed settlement price; it is therefore a put option on the index call option. We derive a simple one-period valuation model using compound option pricing. Analysis of observed early exercise demonstrates that the wild card feature is a factor influencing early exercise of index options.     

THE MAGNITUDE OF PRICING ERRORS IN THE ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY

In this paper the arbitrage pricing theory (APT) pricing errors for individual securities are estimated employing maximum likelihood factor analysis and Fama-MacBeth style aggregation. Results show that the pricing errors are large and statistically significant and that there is a high degree of variability in pricing errors across securities. This evidence contradicts the prevailing APT intuition that the pricing errors can be ignored as negligible. Pricing errors are also found to be related to residual variance and firm size.     

MEASURING LIMITS OF ARBITRAGE IN FIXED‐INCOME MARKETS

An emerging literature relies on an index of limits of arbitrage in fixed‐income markets. We analyze the benefits of an index that is model‐free, robust, and intuitive. This new index strengthens the evidence that limits of arbitrage proxy for risks priced in the cross‐section of returns. Trading simulations show that the new index improves identification of limits of arbitrage because it bypasses a noisy estimation step. Relative value indices in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, and Canada exhibit strong commonality and high correlations with local volatility and funding conditions. The indices are updated regularly and available publicly.     

BOOTSTRAPPING THE NUMBER OF FACTORS IN THE ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY

The number of factors in the APT are re-examined through a new methodology called the bootstrap, which provides a nonparametric alternative to the chi-square test used in prior research. Results suggest that the number of statistically significant factors does not increase when the number of firms increases. Moreover, only the first factor is consistently significant across sample sizes of thirty, sixty, and ninety firms.     

汇丰控股在中国的投资战略

近年来,汇丰控股在中国的投资业绩,令国际金融界刮目相看。作者从汇丰控股张驰有度地入股中国银行业、见缝插针地在中国发展私人金融业务到大张旗鼓地在中国开展非银行金融业务,全面展示了这个国际优秀金融控股集团在中国成功的投资战略和策略,这无疑对我国发展中的金融投资企业具有很大的借鉴和启示作用。     

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE ROLE OF THE MARKET PORTFOLIO IN THE ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY

This paper investigates the role of the market portfolio in the arbitrage pricing theory (APT). We show that if the multifactor return-generating process put forth in the APT is valid, then unexpected deviations in the return on the market portfolio must be completely explained by unexpected deviations in the underlying return-generating factors. As well, market betas are developed as a combination of return-generating factor sensitivity coefficients. These results lead us to conclude that an empirically significant “market factor’ is evidence of omitted return-generating factors, rather than evidence that the market is a factor. Finally, results obtained when market betas are regressed against factor sensitivity coefficients are consistent with these insights. The results suggest that there are at least three return-generating factors. This evidence does not rely on ex post pricing of estimated factors.     

OPTION PRICING AND THE ARBITRAGE PRICING THEORY

This paper applies the arbitrage pricing theory to option pricing. Under certain distribution assumptions or the assumption that there is only one common factor, the underlying asset of an option is the sole risky factor that explains its expected return. Based upon this relationship, a new and simple option-pricing formula is derived, and some important existing option-pricing formulae are reproduced. Empirical results show that the new formula performs as well as the Black-Scholes formula.     

中国44个城市2005年收入指数

下面的一组数字是依据可靠来源的资料做成的。我想,做成这样的指数形式可能会产生多方面的用途(例如,供金融企业确定或者修订各地分支机构工资标准时作为参考)。由于现在中国各城市的经济发展速度不同,     

STRATEGY, BUDGETING, AND CRISIS IN LATIN AMERICA

This empirical study investigated the relationship between business strategy and budgetary usage, given perceived crisis in Latin America. Using the strategy typology of Miles and Snow (1978), it was hypothesized that the Defender and Reactor strategy usage would be positively associated with Crisis while the Prospector and Analyzer strategy usage would be negatively associated. Employing LISREL analytic techniques, study results supported these relationships (although an alternate analysis supports the possibility that Defenders and Prospectors enact their strategy to be consistent with their Crisis perceptions). Further, though relationships between all strategy types should be related to Budgetary Usage, results indicated that the only significant relationship was between Prospector and Budgetary Usage. Though these results are consistent with the literature and have implications for budgeting practice in Latin America, additional research is needed. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd