椭圆插补的数字积分法研究

介绍了一种椭圆数字积分法插补的新算法,这种方法对圆弧的数字积分法算法进行了创造性的改进,增加了两个附加寄存器,将控制各轴速度的因素变成两个,相对其他算法,优点是明显的。     

DDA法圆弧插补误差分析及解决办法

插补是指数据密化的过程。DDA法插补是比较常用的一种插补方式,但在实际应用中易出现插补误差,本文通过实例解析,通过增加终点判别器的方法很好的解决了这个问题。     

Non-positive upper bounds on expectations of small order statistics from DDA and DFRA populations

Rychlik [Appl Math (Warsaw) 29:15–32, 2002] presented positive sharp upper bounds on the expectations of order statistics with sufficiently large ranks, based on i.i.d. samples from the decreasing density and failure rate populations (DDA and DFRA, for short). They were expressed in terms of the population mean and standard deviation. Here we provide respective non-positive upper tight evaluations for expected small order statistics centered about the population mean, measured in various scale units.     

Mentoring as an antidote to stress during corporate trauma

This article examines mentoring as a potentially useful resource in an organization's adaptation to global competition and the need for improved learning capabilities. We were surprised to find that mentoring relationships were perceived as more desirable under conditions of corporate stress, low job challenge, and low job involvement. We were further surprised to find that individuals in early and later career stages were as likely, or more likely than, their midcareer colleagues to embrace the mentoring role. Thus, it appears that mentoring may be more readily available as an antidote to stress than previously considered, and that it may be an important form of coping with the stressful, nonrewarding conditions that typically characterize corporate downsizing. Not only is mentoring an important form of promoting development (for self and for others), but it also may represent a valuable vehicle for social support and learning during times of major corporate change.     

Henry George Under the Microscope: Comments on "Henry George's Political Critics"

The annual supplement of the AJES for 2008 titled Henry George: Political Ideologue, Social Philosopher, and Economic Theorist had as its first and longest essay "Henry George's Political Critics" by Professor Michael Hudson. It offered a multitude of criticisms, most of which Prof. Hudson seemed to agree with. All purported to be criticisms of George as a political strategist, though some seem more to originate from Hudson's disagreement with theoretical positions George was bound to take. The purpose of this short paper is to show that Professor Hudson's long article fails to do what it seems intended to do. That is, it fails to show that trade unionists and especially socialists were "natural allies" of the Georgist movement, that it was George's fault that that they were not, and that George "allied" his movement irrevocably to "capital," rejecting its "natural allies."     

Ctrl+Alt+Delete in the name of COVID-19: When a reset leads to misrecognition

When the COVID-19 pandemic struck the world in March 2020, it impacted all areas of society. Most conspicuous were the lockdowns that were quickly imposed in many countries along with other restrictions. These interventions into the everyday life of ordinary citizens were, perhaps not surprisingly, often met with resistance by citizens and businesses that felt their rights were being trampled on by governments. In this paper, we analyse reactions towards the far-reaching measures taken by the Danish government to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus in the fur industry and thereby prevent the development of new mutations of the virus: to cull all minks and temporarily ban mink production in Denmark. We argue that by studying this case, valuable lessons can be learned regarding how a business community reacts when faced with a great reset. Taking the current climate crisis into consideration, it must be expected that emission-heavy industries, like agriculture, will be faced with calls to radically change their mode of production in the near future. In this sense, we propose to view the Danish mink case as an early example of what a great reset could look like, how it is perceived by those who experience it first-hand, and how feelings of resentment and resistance can develop following a logic of (mis)recognition.     

EXPLORING THE NEED FOR A SHARED COGNITIVE MAP

This article reports on an experiment that was undertaken to elicit the shared perceptions of a group of individuals in relation to a particular organizational domain. These shared perceptions were termed collective beliefs, and were to be modelled in the form of a causal cognitive map. An initial conceptual framework was presented in which it was posited that groups of individuals who work closely together share a set of common beliefs which enable them to function successfully as a group. These shared beliefs are an integral part of the group's cultural identity. Collective beliefs were defined as those beliefs which are a function of the group, encompassing more than those beliefs that are shared by the individuals within the group. Following the experiment it was proposed that it is not necessary for members of a group to have a complete set of shared beliefs in order to function as a decision-making group. In the new model, collective cognitions are described as merely transitory phenomena, changing in response to circumstances. The reforming of such phenomena over time results in the formation of shared belief systems. This framework was supported by the literature.     

甘肃省实施名牌战略的对策研究

扼要叙述甘肃省在实施名牌战略上存在意识淡薄，宣传创意不强，产品技术含量不高，质量不稳定等问题，提出了必须从开发新产品，建立长远眼光和目标，政策支撑等方面给名牌创造良好的环境的建议。     

Intangibles and credit decisions: results from an experiment

The question in this paper is whether the inclusion of intangibles is meaningful in a credit decision context. To examine this issue we conducted an experiment with forty loan officers. The loan officers were presented with a situation of a company that required a credit of 5 million Swedish kronor. Half of the loan officers were given a traditional annual statement in which intangibles were treated as costs while the other half received a balance sheet in which brand, R&D and education were capitalized. The loan officers were asked to give their opinion regarding the credit decision and the importance of extra information. They were also confronted with four short cases where extra information about the company appeared. Statistical analysis revealed that none of three hypotheses relating to the statement that ‘accounting for intangibles does not matter’ could be falsified. Still, the acquired qualitative data that emerged from the study makes it possible to suggest another finding. The study shows that accounting for intangibles is accepted if the accounts were seen as reliable. The conclusion is that if it is possible to create reliable data about intangibles, accounting for intangibles is meaningful for credit decisions.     

The Fable of Land Reform: Leases and Credit Markets in Occupied Japan

Development officials and scholars routinely argue that land reform can raise productivity. It may not always do so, they write, but it can—and during 1947–1950 in Japan it did. Land reform may sometimes raise productivity, but it did not raise it in Japan. The claim that it did is a fable, a tale people tell and re‐tell only because they wish it were true. A lease is a credit transaction—a way for local elites (tied to local information networks in ways that banks can never be) to extend funds to farmers. Elites could lend money directly, but would need to create a security interest to protect their loans. Doing so requires legal procedures, however, and most local elites in prewar Japan lacked the university education necessary to manipulate those procedures. By contrast, a lease lets local elites protect their funds simply by retaining the right to evict tenants who fail to pay. As such, it represents a way for investors and farmers jointly to economize on credit market costs. The Japanese land reform program effectively banned this transaction‐cost economizing credit‐market strategy, expropriated the wealth of the investors who used it—and cut the rate of growth in agricultural productivity.     

Measuring the duration of emotional experience: the influence of actual duration and response format

In a number of retrospective studies it has been found that the duration of emotional experience is highly variable and several determinants that account for this variability have been identified. However, two issues that may have consequences for the measurement of emotion duration have been left unaddressed. First, it is unclear whether people are capable of remembering the duration of their actual emotional experience. Second, it is uncertain whether estimates of the duration of emotional experience are influenced by the format of the response scale. Participants watched joy- and sadness-sustaining movie fragments of different durations. At the end of the day they were asked to estimate the duration of each fragment or the duration of their emotions during each fragment on a relatively short-range or long-range scale. Regardless of whether fragment or emotion duration was estimated, estimates were (a) largely accurate and (b) higher on long-range compared to short-range scales.     

Environmental Constraints And Sectoral Recipes: Strategy Change In Britain's Military Industrial Base

There has been a significant growth in research providing a sectoral-level analysis for a range of organizational behaviour, including company strategy (Smith et al., 1990; Spender, 1989). One of the main strengths of this work is that it shows a sensitivity to how an organization's institutional–structural context influences its behaviour. This paper will add to this growing body of research through examining one particular sector: the UK's military equipment sector in the period immediately following the end of the Cold War. One of the most interesting findings from the research on which this paper is based was the similarity in strategies pursued by most of the companies examined. This similarity in strategies is explained in terms of two main factors. Firstly, drawing on elements of contingency theory it is suggested that the strategic options open to the companies examined were constrained by the specific nature of their capabilities, which were shaped by the character of military equipment markets. Secondly, it is suggested that the institutional characteristics of the UK's military equipment sector were conducive to the development of a strategic 'recipe'.     

Too [blank] to fail! The partial solution to the euro crisis

• In this article, I reflect on the darkest days of the Eurocrisis. Between 2010 and 2012 one half‐baked policy initiative after another provided no more than a temporary respite. Every action had been some weighted average of the optimal and the agreeable. The consistent crisis‐related irony was that the more Germany complained, the bigger the potential bill got, as capital fled from stricken economies, further fuelling fears of euro exit.
• The solution was stumbled upon mostly by accident. Eventually it dawned on markets that the exit bill was so big that northern Europe could no longer afford to pull the plug.
• Once the Greek elections were out of the way in mid‐2012, the Eurocrisis turned into a get rich quick moral hazard festival for asset managers, even as unemployment still soared in Europe.
• Everything became too something to fail. Spain and Italy were too big to fail; Spanish regions were too politically connected to fail; senior bondholders of distressed European banks were too systemic to fail; Ireland and Portugal were too virtuous to fail. And given the disastrous social consequences that would have been faced by Greece, it was simply too disgraceful for Europe to let Greece fail.
• In July 2012 Mario Draghi delivered his iconic and extremely helpful “whatever it takes” statement. But to me it was a symptom of the change in tides, rather than being the source of improvement in itself.
• The problem with moral hazard trades collectively is that they depended upon someone being willing to pick up the bill because it is in the collective interest to do so. In mid‐2012, it appeared like Cyprus was too unfair and geopolitically sensitive to fail (given ties with Russia). And as Greece showed in January 2015, the scope for political brinksmanship and crisis‐resurgence is not necessarily eliminated.

     

中国企业社会责任模型探索——对企业社会责任层次论的反思

企业社会责任层次论是西方企业社会责任理论中最具代表性的理论,但在中国情境下,这种理论的缺陷直接制约了我国企业社会责任理念的建立。为此,探索中国情境下的企业社会责任维度,构建一个适合中国本土情境的企业社会责任模型,是目前中国企业社会责任理论研究界的一个重要历史使命。本研究通过设计一个开放式问卷进行大样本的调研和通过深度访谈的途径,获取了中国企业社会责任状况的第一手资料,通过质化分析,共得到中国企业社会责任的15个概念维度、6个范畴,在此基础上,构建起中国本土特色的企业社会责任人体模型。比较分析的结果表明,中国与西方国家企业社会责任的概念范畴既有相同之处,又存在显著的差异,这进一步表明在中国企业社会责任方面开展高水平本土化研究的必要性。     

Paternalist leadership style of the organizational trust

This study aims to evaluate the effect of paternalist administrators on the organizational trust of teachers working in their context. The notions of paternalist leadership style, trust, and organizational trust are explained based on literature. The study is based on qualitative research approach. Despite this, the short version of “Paternalist Leadership Scale”, developed by Cheng in 2004 and a short version prepared in 2014 is used initially. Administrators with paternalist leadership characteristic were established with the help of this scale. Later, open ended questions, developed by the authors, were asked to teachers in the schools as organizations of those administrators with the aim of establishing their “trust for the administrator and for the organization”. The sample of the research was made up of 30 teachers working at 5 primary schools of the North Cyprus Ministry of National Education during the 2016–2017 school year. It was observed in the findings that in the eyes of the teachers social characteristics of individuals were most important in creating and enhancing the feeling of trust. In addition, it was observed that personal characteristics were some of the defining factors in developing trust. The conclusion was reached that teachers working with paternalist administrators had positive communications with school administrators and colleagues, and that they carried out their relationships within the rules of good manners and kindness. Again, in the eyes of teachers, it was established that paternalist administrators were eager to renew themselves. Finally, paternalist administrators were found, with a high percentage, to be quite qualified in establishing organizational trust. In conclusion, based on the findings of this study, it can be said that administrators with paternal leadership qualities are qualified in creating organizational trust; therefore, it will be important to train administrators in developing their paternal leadership styles.     

Business process architectures: overview,comparison and framework

With the uptake of business process modelling in practice, the demand grows for guidelines that lead to consistent and integrated collections of process models. The notion of a business process architecture has been explicitly proposed to address this. This paper provides an overview of the prevailing approaches to design a business process architecture. Furthermore, it includes evaluations of the usability and use of the identified approaches. Finally, it presents a framework for business process architecture design that can be used to develop a concrete architecture. The use and usability were evaluated in two ways. First, a survey was conducted among 39 practitioners, in which the opinion of the practitioners on the use and usefulness of the approaches was evaluated. Second, four case studies were conducted, in which process architectures from practice were analysed to determine the approaches or elements of approaches that were used in their design. Both evaluations showed that practitioners have a preference for using approaches that are based on reference models and approaches that are based on the identification of business functions or business objects. At the same time, the evaluations showed that practitioners use these approaches in combination, rather than selecting a single approach.     

Psychological profile of subjects facilitating responsible preventive behavior

In the tradition of the psychological investigation there are some antecedents dedicated to the evaluation of the dissonance between attitude and observable behaviour. Some works in ecology showed that only some subjects are able to maintain a favourable attitude towards the waste recycling and also to do it in an efficient form. The majority thinks that it is a good action but they do not exert it. From this concept, in this work we establish the idea of preventionist responsible behaviour to define those subjects that such cognitive dissonance does not exist and that they maintain favourable attitudes towards the prevention and at the same time they exert the behaviours derived from that attitude. We compare a group of preventionist workers with a control group with nonpreventionist behaviour in a series of psychological variables in order to establish a differential profile (case control study). Data were collected between October 2006 and January 2007. The results showed a clear profile in variables like control, neuroticism, monitoring rules, etc.     

APPLYING NORTH'S LAWS OF MOTION TO THE EDGE OF THE WEST

This paper uses Douglass North's theories of institutional economics to explain progress in Muslim Spain. It argues that it was efficient economic institutions in the guise of a free-market economy where the property rights of different strata of society were well protected, which ensured lasting prosperity. This paper postulates that while a population explosion could have been responsible for the initial growth in Spain, it was an efficient formal–informal institutional matrix that ensured a high level of long-term growth.