农产品垂直价格传递与纵向市场联结

本文分析了我国主要农产品市场垂直价格传递和纵向市场联结的关系。我国农产品市场的两类纵向联结形式以契约市场为准则建立的松散型联结和以产权一体化(或功能层级化)建立的紧密型联结。建立非对称纵向价格传递的误差修正模型(APT-ECM)对四类主要农产品市场的实证分析表明,纵向市场联结越松散(契约型),非对称垂直价格传递特征越微弱;纵向市场联结越紧密(层级型),非对称垂直价格传递特征越明显。     

Price Cycles and Asymmetric Price Transmission in the U.S. Pork Market

Economists have proposed several plausible explanations for observed price transmission asymmetries in commodity markets. Unfortunately, the econometric methods commonly used in such studies cannot empirically distinguish pricing behavior under the competing theories. We argue that the theories may be classified by firm responses to high- and low-frequency price cycles and use Engle's band spectrum regression to test the symmetry of high- and low-frequency cycles in weekly pork prices. The findings indicate that changes in wholesale prices are asymmetrically transmitted to retail prices in relatively low-frequency cycles, which does not support search costs and other high-frequency explanations. Conversely, wholesale pork prices asymmetrically adjust to changes in farm prices at all frequencies.     

Basis Pricing, Futures-Cash Price Transmission and Appropriate Hedge Ratios: The Case of the Soybean Market in Ontario

The academic literature on the determination of risk-minimizing hedge ratios has apparently ignored the potential impact that the pricing strategies adopted by the grain elevators may have on the futures-cash price transmission, and therefore on the determination of the correct hedge ratio. This paper addresses this problem from a theoretical perspective, and then develops a model that is applied to the soybean market in Chatham, Ontario.
La littérature académique concernant la détermination des ratios de couverture à terme minimisant le risque a apparemment ignoré l'impact potential des stratégies des faiseurs de prix sur un marché sur la relation entre les prix spot et les prix à terme. II est possible que de ce fait ces stratégies influencent également la détermination du vrai ratio de couverture. Ce papier traite ce problème d'un point de vue théorique, puis vérifie ces résultats en les appliquant au cas du marché du soja à Chatham, Ontario.     

玉米、豆粕与饲料市场的价格联系

本文运用协整检验方法和误差修正模型分析了配合饲料两种主要原料玉米和豆粕价格的波动对育肥猪饲料、肉鸡配合饲料和蛋鸡配合饲料价格的影响及其传导机制.研究表明,玉米和豆粕价格对3种饲料价格的影响存在差异;玉米和豆粕价格同3种饲料价格存在协整关系;原料价格波动是3种饲料价格波动的原因;从短期看,原料市场价格波动对饲料产品价格的引导作用有限.     

The Market Structure and Price Competition in China's Wheat Import Market:

This paper reveals that wheat exporters to China compete in an imperfectly competitive market. U.S. wheat exports face strong price competition from Argentina, Australia, Canada, and the European Community, but has a highly elastic demand in China. By adopting an aggressive promotion policy, the U.S. could reduce the market shares of Argentina and Canada. China would shift to wheat from Argentina, Australia, and Canada if U.S. wheat exports were interrupted because of high prices or non-price trade frictions. An expansion in China's wheat imports would accrue to wheat from Argentina and the U.S.     

Measurement and Testing for Equality of Foreign Price and Consumer Price Index Transmission in Russia

This paper tests for segmentation of retail meat markets in Russia before and after the financial crisis of 1998. Using monthly prices of pork and beef in 80 regions of Russia from 1994 to 1999, we measure the short-run response of regional prices to changes in foreign prices and domestic inflation. We find that changes in both foreign prices and domestic inflation have distinct impacts on the prices of these commodities in different Russian cities, indicating that the markets are segmented in the short run. An analysis of the effect of the financial crisis shows that the response to the crisis was mixed, with some regions showing more evidence of segmentation than others.     

Price Asymmetry in the International Wheat Market

Most wheat exports are accounted for by a limited number of countries with different policy regimes and specializing, for the most part, in particular classes of wheat. Under these circumstances, there is likely to be considerable interaction among the major exporting countries in the determination of wheat prices. In this paper, price linkages between the U.S. and other exporting countries (Canada, the European Union, Argentina and Australia) in the world wheat market are investigated. After determining that the direction of causality is from U. S. prices to the prices of other exporting countries, the nature of the price linkages is studied. The results suggest that the major exporting countries respond asymmetrically to U.S. price changes. The degree of asymmetry differs from one exporting country to another, Argentina and the European Union show greater response to falling prices than to rising prices, while the opposite is true for Canada and Australia.     

中国大米市场价格共因子分析

内容提要:本文利用持续—短暂模型(permanent-transitory model,简写为p-t模型)分粳米和籼米对中国大米市场价格共因子进行了分析。研究发现,在中国粳米市场价格长期行为的形成过程中,湖北、天津、黑龙江、吉林、浙江和江苏的影响比较大,其中,浙江起主导作用;在中国籼米市场价格长期行为的形成过程中,广西、湖北、湖南、江西、四川和浙江的影响比较大,其中,江西起主导作用。在决策过程中,决策者应重点考虑对影响较大的地区采取有针对性的措施。     

Threshold Effects in Price Transmission: The Case of Brazilian Wheat, Maize, and Soya Prices

Recent studies into price transmission have recognized the important role played by transport and transaction costs. Threshold models are one approach to accommodate such costs. We develop a generalized Threshold Error Correction Model to test for the presence and form of threshold behavior in price transmission that is symmetric around equilibrium. We use monthly wheat, maize, and soya prices from the United States, Argentina, and Brazil to demonstrate this model. Classical estimation of these generalized models can present challenges but Bayesian techniques avoid many of these problems. Evidence for thresholds is found in three of the five commodity price pairs investigated.     

Price Discrimination and Pricing to Market Behavior of Canadian Canola Exporters

The role of exchange rate fluctuation on the pricing behavior of Canadian canola exporters to Japan, Mexico, and the U.S. is examined using a model identifying noncompetitive and exchange rate related pricing behavior. Price discrimination was identified for Canadian canola exports to the three destinations over the period of 1993–99. Results also suggest that Pricing to Market strategies were employed for Japanese imports. Canadian canola exporters used local currency price stabilization to dampen the effects of relative price changes in the Japanese currency, perhaps linked to the large size of Japanese imports relative to Mexico and the U.S.     

Distinguishing the Source of Market Power

Structural models used to measure market power, though widely employed, continue to be criticized. We compare alternative market power tests, including nonparametric and Solow residual-based (SRB) tests. We develop SRB methods that permit nested testing for both monopolistic and monopsonistic market power by the same firm. These tests and a set of nonparametric tests are implemented to examine market power exertion by U.S. cigarette manufacturers from 1977 to 1993. All tests indicate that cigarette manufacturers exerted monopsonistic power in the upstream tobacco market. They are mixed on whether monopolistic power exertion was exerted in the downstream market.     

Price Behavior in a Dynamic Oligopsony: Washington Processing Potatoes

Punishment strategies are necessary to sustain a collusive oligopsony in a repeated game context when demand is uncertain and only market variables are observable. This paper proposes a test for tacit collusion among potato processors in Washington state using a dynamic regime-switching model estimated with a finite mixture method. The results support the existence of punishment and collusive regimes and show the welfare losses due to anti-competitive behavior on the part of processors to be significant. Processors' oligopsony power is enhanced by higher domestic production, imports, and existing stocks, but it is ameliorated by high capacity utilization rates and exports.     

2002年稻谷市场供求与价格走向

自１９９７年中国稻米产量创纪录的达到２．００７亿ｔ后,开始逐年下降,特别是２０００年政府早籼稻收购退出保护价后,下降趋势更加明显。１９９７年全国稻谷收获面积为３２１３万ｈｍ２,到２００１年已降至２８５８万ｈｍ２,减幅达１１%,其中早籼稻的调减数量最多,占调减量的４９．３%。据美国农业部的预测,２００２年中国的稻谷收获面积可能再度下调     

A Reexamination of Price Dynamics in the International Wheat Market

This paper examines price relationships in the international wheat market for the years 1981–93 using a cointegration and error correction approach. Price series are found to be first-differenced stationary and cointegrated. Our results provide evidence that the United States, Australia, the European Union and Argentina react to Canada's pricing decisions, whereas Canada does not respond to any other price changes except Australia's. Similarly, the United States also plays a strong role in the pricing of other exporters (except Canada) and its pricing decision is affected by changes in Canadian and Australian prices. The remaining exporters such as the European Union and Argentina respond to the U.S. and Canadian price changes but do not have any influence on other prices. Overall, our results suggest that there is no distinct price leader in the international wheat market. Nous examinons les rapports deprixjouantsur le marché international du blé durant la période 1981–1993, suivant une démarche de co-intégration et de correction des erreurs. Nous avons constaté et vérifié que les séries de prix se révélent stationnaires lorsqu‘exprimées en première différence et qu‘elles sont cointégrées. Nos observations démontrent que les États-Unis, I'Australie, I'Union européenne et I'Argentine réagissent aux décisions de tariflcation prises au Canada et que de son côté, le Canada ne réagit à aucun autre changement du régime de tarification sauf à celui de I'Australie. De même, les États-Unis jouent également un rôle important dans la tarification des autres exportateurs (le Canada excepté) et ses décisions de tarification sont sensibles aux changements affectant les prix canadiens et australiens. Le reste des exportateurs, notamment I'Union européenne et I'Argentine, sont en mesure de réagir aux changements des prix appliqués aux États- Unis et au Canada, mais Us n‘ont aucune influence sur la tarification des autres exportateurs. Toutes ces observations nous amènent à conclure qu'il n'y a pas vraiment de leader dans l'établissement des prix du blé sur le marché international.     

探矿权、采矿权市场及其相关市场

文章分析了我国地质勘查市场、探矿权、采矿权市场、矿产品市场等三个关联市场制约因素及其相互关系和相互作用 ,从如何增加地质勘查市场、探矿权、采矿权市场的有效需求入手 ,提出了完善我国探矿权、采矿权市场的建议。     

生菜馒头加工技术研究

研究了不同生菜添加量、添加方式及添加时间对馒头感官品质的影响,结果显示,馒头感官品质随生菜添加量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,在添加量120 g时馒头品质最佳,而褐变程度则一直增大;添加生菜汁比添加生菜叶取得更好的品质,馒头感官品质随随生菜汁浓度的增大而增大,选取蔬菜汁浓度80%制作馒头较好;二次醒发时生菜的加入时间对馒头品质有一定的影响,二次醒发25 min馒头的品质最优。     

土地招标拍卖出让与杭州市房地产价格上涨关系研究

本文从市场经济的基本规则和房地产价格形成机制出发,理性分析了土地招标拍卖出让与地价上涨、房价与地价之间的相互关系,并理性揭示了杭州市房地产价格上涨的真正原因.我们认为土地招标拍卖出让不存在推动地价上涨的内在机制,房地产价格上涨也并非是地价成本上涨引起的,市场经济条件下房地产价格形成与上涨是由价值规律和市场供求关系决定的,房地产价格上涨的根本原因是城市社会经济发展引起房地产市场供求关系变化的结果.     

中国区域碳市场价格相关性分析

碳交易市场在20世纪初出现了迅猛式的增长,我国也在2011年批准了在北京、上海、天津、重庆、湖北、广东和深圳7省市碳交易市场正式开展碳交易工作。选取上述省市碳交易市场,利用person相关系数、spearman秩相关分析检验、灰色相关法对它们进行相关性分析,获得不同碳市场间的相关关系,并根据各地域碳市场的特点,分析其个性和共性,提出了碳交易市场发展的建议。