园林、城市森林与城市生态环境

本文从园林、生态园林和城市森林的发展出发 ,探讨改善城市生态环境的途径。     

Russia’s and Kazakhstan’s agro-food sectors under liberalized agricultural trade: a case for national product differentiation

Russia is a major importer of agro-food products in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), whereas Kazakhstan’s agro-food sector is more export-oriented. Based on a multi-market-model with bilateral trade, the paper investigates how a Common Agricultural Market (CAM) and World Trade Organization (WTO) accession would affect prices, quantities, and welfare on agro-food markets in both countries. Trade diversion effects are expected because of a changed tariff structure. Kazakhstan’s agro-food sector will loose price competitiveness on Russia’s markets if liberalization is too narrowly focused on import tariffs. Simulations also suggest that national product differentiation can be part of a strategy for Russian agro-food industries to cope with stronger international competition.     

Canberra: a sheep in wolf’s clothing

Canberra, the capital of the Commonwealth of Australia, was built as a symbol of a new nation. The city’s symbolism is dominated by an optic axis, provided by the masterplan of Walter Burley Griffin. The dominant message of the objects at the poles of this axis, the Parliament House and the War Memorial, is nationalism. The Parliament House brings the nation together at one point and the War Memorial specifies that the Australian national is tough, resourceful, and comradely. By its reference to heroic deeds in wartime, the War Memorial gives a belligerent message in an otherwise peaceful landscape. Women and spiritual religions are conspicuously absent from Canberra. There is a remarkable tolerance towards other nations leaving their symbolic footprint in Canberra. — Canberra, la capitale du Commonwealth d’Australie, fut construite comme symbole de la nation. Le symbolisme de la ville est dominé par un axe optique, d’après le plan d’ensemble détaillé de Walter Burley Griffin. Le message dominant des objets aux extrémités de cet axe, le Parlement et le monument aux morts, est le nationalisme. Le Parlement rassemble la nation à un point donné, et le monument aux morts spécifie que l’australien est tenace, ingénieux, et amical. Le monument aux morts rappelle des actes de guerre héroï?ques et envoie un message belligérant dans un paysage autrement tranquille. Les femmes et les religions spirituelles sont très manifestement absentes de Canberra. Il y a une tolérance remarquable envers les autres nations qui ont laissé leur empreinte symbolique sur Canberra.     

Political tuning in Ankara,a capital,as reflected in its urban symbols and images

Determining the ‘tensions, conflicts and social changes’ in the city through symbolic configurations and shifting images has been a recent dimension in the study of urban culture. This is the perspective taken in this article. A brief introduction of Turkey and Atatürk is followed by a study of urban symbols. Starting with those of the Ottoman period, these include monuments and statues; the names of city squares, parks and shops; and the street names and official city emblems since the settlement became the capital in 1923. The city itself was the symbol of national independence and the new republic in the 1920s and 1930s. Fluctuations over the years, in the preference for certain names or artefacts, reflect the shifts from nation-building to clashes of political ideologies and, more recently, an ‘identity crisis’ that the nation has overtly been experiencing. The study is based on observations that are supported by publications from libraries and private collections, including memoirs. Further material has been provided by informal talks with people from all backgrounds, including the recollections of the author Erdentug, who has lived in the city since 1956, and the reminiscences of her parents commencing twenty years before this date. — Une dimension récente des études de la culture urbaine est la détermination des ‘tensions, conflits et changements sociaux’ dans la ville par les configurations symboliques et les images changeantes. C’est la perspective adoptée dans cet article. Une introduction rapide de la Turquie et de Ataturk précède une étude des symboles urbains. Commençant par ceux de l’époque ottomane, ils comprennent des monuments et des statues, les noms des places, parcs et magasins, les noms de rues et les emblèmes officiels de la ville depuis qu’elle est devenue la capitale en 1923. La ville elle-même symbolisait l’indépendance nationale et la nouvelle république dans les années vingt et trente. Au cours des années, les changements de la préference pour certains noms ou articles reflètent les changements allant de la construction de la nation à des conflits d’idéologies politiques et, plus récemment, à une ‘crise d’identité’ que la nation a éprouvé ouvertement. Cette étude est basée sur des observations supportées par des publications de bibliothèques et de collections privées, y compris des mémoires. D’autres matériels viennent de conversations informelles avec des personnes de tous milieux, y compris les souvenirs de l’auteur Erdentug qui habite dans la ville depuis 1956, et ceux de ses parents qui remontent à vingt ans plus tôt.     

Mexico’s balance of payments and exchange rates: a cointegration analysis

Mexico’s recurrent economic crises have cast serious doubts on the existence of a long-run relationship between the country’s balance-of-payments and exchange rates. In this paper, cointegration and vector autoregression techniques are applied to Mexico’s data covering the period 1971 through 1988. Despite the presence of nonstationarity, the statistical analysis supports a long-run relationship between changes in international reserves and the exchange rate and changes in domestic credit. Further multivariate Granger causality tests, together with innovation accounting, indicate that Mexico’s monetary authorities adjust domestic assets to sterilize balance-of-payments deficits in a futile attempt to control its monetary policy.     

Business To Business Exchanges: A Rich Descriptive Apparatus Derived From Macneil’s and Menger’s Analyses

The dichotomy ‘market’ or ‘hierarchy’ has exercised a dominant influence on the study of forms of governance and their operation for some time. However, in the past two decades there have been large numbers of investigations of intermediate forms of governance. Subsequently it has been recognized that the behaviour that occurs within exchanges is not determined by the forms of governance used and this points to a need to understand behaviour within a variety of exchanges. An apparatus, based on Macneil’s analysis, in conjunction with Menger’s insights into the nature of exchanges, for describing behaviour within exchanges is proposed.     

Public and Private Management: What’s the Difference?

Critics of New Public Management argue that differences between public and private organizations are so great that business practices should not be transferred to the public sector. In this paper the theoretical arguments on the differences between private firms and public agencies are reviewed, and 13 hypotheses are identified on the impact of publicness on organizational environments, goals, structures and managerial values. Evidence from 34 empirical studies of differences between public agencies and private firms is critically evaluated. Only three of the publicness hypotheses are supported by a majority of the empirical studies: public organizations are more bureaucratic, and public managers are less materialistic and have weaker organizational commitment than their private sector counterparts. However, most of the statistical evidence is derived from studies that use narrow measures of publicness and fail to control for other relevant explanatory variables. Whether the existing evidence understates or overstates the distinctiveness of public agencies is therefore unclear. A research agenda and methods are identified for better comparisons of management in public and private organizations.     

Effectiveness and Empowerment in Women’s Shelter: A Study of Working Women’s Hostels in Bangalore,India

Policy debates on shelter for women have focused on family structure, gender roles and the importance of shelter in women’s economic development. They emphasize the need for shelter that is generally effective and empowering for women. Although valuable, these general policy proposals are often unable to account for the particular situations in specific cultural contexts in which family structure, roles and economic development are reshaped by women’s migration, and where cultural mandates for, and family‐based control of, women’s shelter are re‐articulated. Through a study of 12 working women’s hostels in Bangalore, India, which includes a survey of 126 residents and 4 focus groups, this article analyses the functions that hostels serve for women and explores the aspects of hostels that are effective and empowering. While only partially effective and empowering in ways that are specified within the current debates, hostels offer a significant policy opportunity to help women both expand their personal, social, economic and political universe without losing contact with the familiar and nurturing networks of family, and gain autonomy over their shelter and lives. The article discusses how hostels can provide a stepping stone for policy and programmatic interventions toward decent, secure and empowering shelter for women. Les débats politiques sur l’hébergement des femmes se sont concentrés sur la structure familiale, les rôles des sexes et l’importance de l’habitat dans le développement économique des femmes. Ils ont souligné le besoin d’un hébergement qui procure généralement à celles‐ci satisfaction et possibilités. Bien qu’appréciables, ces propositions générales sont souvent incapables de tenir compte de situations particulières, dans des contextes culturels spécifiques où la migration des femmes remodèle la structure familiale, les rôles et l’évolution économique, parallèlement au réajustement entre les directives culturelles et le contrôle familial à l’égard de l’hébergement féminin. À travers une étude sur 12 foyers de travailleuses de Bangalore (Inde), comprenant une enqu? te auprès de 126 pensionnaires et 4 groupes‐témoins, cet article analyse les fonctions que les foyers apportent aux femmes et explore les aspects de ces lieux porteurs de satisfaction et de possibilités. M? me si cet apport n’est que partiel, selon les modalités énoncées dans les débats actuels, les foyers donnent à la politique une véritable occasion d’aider les femmes àétendre leur univers personnel, social, économique et politique sans perdre contact avec les réseaux familiers et formateurs de la famille, tout en acquérant une autonomie sur leur résidence et leur existence. L’article explique comment les foyers peuvent constituer un premier pas vers des programmes organisés visant à un hébergement décent et sécurisé pour les femmes qui les rendent autonome.     

Victimisation and agency: the social construction of union women’s leadership

This article interrogates the notion that women union leaders lead differently. Despite significant variation in the union movements in Australia, Canada, Sweden, the UK and the USA, similar discourses on women’s union leadership emerge in all five countries. Based on a materialist social construction approach which supports a recognition of difference without reference to essentialist ideas about women’s nature, this article seeks to identify what may be common across these countries to explain this phenomenon. The article argues that the fact that women face discrimination in unions, on the one hand, and organise as a constituency and have access to women‐only education, on the other, supports the development of transformational leadership among women unionists, even across diverse contexts and cultures. Unpacking union women’s leadership practices in this way reveals a dialectic of victimisation and agency.     

Islam’s Gift: An Economy of Spiritual Development

According to the standard narrative, economics is an objective and scientific study of universal laws applicable to economic affairs of modern societies. After a brief introduction, the second section of the article presents a counter‐narrative that disputes this claim, and provides an alternative point of view that situates modern economics within its European historical, political, and social context. We briefly discuss why the conventional methodology of modern economics makes false claims to objectivity and universality. The third section provides an alternative methodology that is based on the recognition that human behavior is inherently and unavoidably normative, and any study of human beings and societies must take this into account. The fourth section of the article brings out the norms concealed within the foundations of modern economics, since the avowed methodology does not permit explicit and open expression of these norms. The fifth section describes Islamic views that describe the normative ideals for our personal and social lives. In particular, Islam aims at the development of the potential for excellence that every human being is born with. It does not aim at accumulation of wealth and material possessions. Nor does it aim at achievement of happiness through the maximization of pleasure achieved by consumption. The sixth section describes the transformational strategies required for spiritual progress in different dimensions of our human existence. The seventh section describes some of the institutional structures required in the economic realm to assist in the achievement of the transformation towards the normative ideals. The final section explains how we should use our unique and precious lives to aim for higher goals than mere consumption of goods and acquisition of wealth.