Interpersonal Targets and Types of Workplace Aggression as a Function of Perpetrator Sex

We investigated the relationship between biological sex of the perpetrator and enactment of two forms of psychological workplace aggression (i.e., overt and covert) against two different interpersonal targets (i.e., supervisors and co-workers). Based on theories of power, we tested hypotheses using two samples (n ₁  = 155, 57% females; n ₂  = 152, 54% females). In comparison to women, results showed that men enacted greater levels of overt aggression against both supervisors and co-workers. Men and women reported enacting equal levels of covert aggression against both supervisors and co-workers. Taken together, these findings suggest that although biological sex of the perpetrator distinguishes levels of enacted overt aggression in the workplace, there are no differences between the sexes on levels of enacted covert aggression in the workplace.     

The Who,Where, What,How and When of Market Entry

This introductory, along with the eight articles contained within this Special Issue, highlights and brings greater clarity to entrant‐incumbent interactions and to firm movement – when entrants traverse market territories for the creation and/or delivery of offerings, where ‘markets’ include service or product categories, technology or resource spaces, industries, sectors and/or geographies. Collectively, this Special Issues explains that firm movement across market boundaries is highly consequential, influencing resource‐capability mixes inside firms, interfirm relations, market logic and industry value chains, and of course, people, communities and even nations. Specifically, we develop a field‐wide perspective of market entry by expanding on the framework of market entry that Zachary and his colleagues developed (Zachary et al., 2015) – i.e., the who (players such as incumbents, entrants, suppliers, etc.), when (the timing and sequence of entry), how (the strategy, resources, capabilities, etc.), where (the space of entry) and what (product, service, business model, etc.) – to include two additional categories: complements (networks, platforms, ecosystems) and non‐market elements (government, political, social and cultural arrangements). We also summarize the eight highly diverse and insightful articles that make this Special Issue, and conclude with a discussion to highlight foundational questions that point to new directions in future research in this field. In sum, we hope to inspire scholars to go beyond counting outcomes (e.g., entry/exit rates, or profiling successful versus unsuccessful entrants), to consider contexts, processes and contingencies (e.g., cost, time, collaboration, competition, interfirm relations, etc.) and to discover boundary conditions that inform a theory of market entry.     

An Empirical Assessment of Alternative Conceptualizations of the Psychological Contract Construct: Meaningful Differences or “Much to do about Nothing”?

The reported study helps move the literature beyond conceptual arguments that have been made and repeated in the literature by investigating the equivalence of three psychological contract (PC) measures that were based on alternative conceptualizations of the PC construct. Employees from a wide range of organizations (n = 1054) were randomly assigned to complete either an expectation, obligation, or promise based measure of their PCs. The equivalence of the PC measures was assessed by comparing factor structures across the three forms, and examining the observed pattern of correlations between the PC measures and external criteria (e.g., trust, equity sensitivity, work centrality, education level). The results indicate that while the three PC measures evoke the same general mental framework in the minds of respondents, and behave similarly for some purposes, depending on the specific relationships being investigated, the measures may yield significantly different results (i.e., they are not fully interchangeable). Implications for theorizing and future research regarding the PC construct are discussed. Also reported is new evidence linking individual differences (e.g., work centrality, equity sensitivity) to perceived responsibilities and rights in the employment relationship.     

Market entry of firms with different legal forms: an empirical test of the influence of institutional factors

Drawing upon institutional theory we develop a conceptual model and investigate the determinants of market entry for worker cooperatives, publicly traded and limited-liability companies. Our results show that formal institutional conditions (i.e., mercantile legislation) influence the start-up choice of entrepreneurs regarding the legal form of their new venture. In addition, we take into account the influence of informal institutional conditions (i.e., local corporate culture) on the market entry rate of firms with different legal structures. Findings show that, while market entry is sensitive to the general economic climate, entry rates of firms with a different legal structure respond differently to the same economic conditions.

Sustainability‐oriented capabilities for eco‐innovation: Meeting the regulatory,technology, and market demands

Despite consensus in the literature that regulation, technology push, and market pull drive eco‐innovation (EI), evidence remains limited on the diverse firm capabilities needed to boost EI. Building on the natural‐resource‐based view of the firm and the EI literature, this paper posits that firms need to renew and realign their capabilities, and ultimately develop distinctive sustainability‐oriented capabilities, in order to meet the rapidly changing regulatory, technology, and market demands. Results of the analysis, based on a survey of U.K. firms, reveal that EIs are more likely to arise when firms (a) build capabilities on voluntary self‐regulation (i.e., executive driven environmental management system and corporate social responsibility) because such organizational capabilities allow them to address increasing regulatory pressures; (b) invest in environmental research and development (i.e., eco‐R&D)—instead of generic research and development—because it provides them with the relevant and specific technological capabilities to tackle technology shifts towards sustainability; and (c) develop capabilities in green market sensing as such capabilities allow them to address green consumption needs.     

Notes and Comments: Sup-convolutions of HARA utilities in the affine term structure

Abstract In the financial literature, the problem of maximizing the expected utility of the terminal wealth has been investigated extensively (for a survey, see, e.g., Karatzas and Shreve (1998), p. 153, and references therein) by using different approaches. In this paper, we extend the existing literature in two directions. First, we let the utility function U(.) of the financial agent (who is a price taker) be implicitly defined through I(.)=(U ^′ (.))^–1, which is assumed to be additively separable, i.e., I(.)=∑ _k=1 ^N I _k (.). Second, we solve the investment problem in the general affine term structure model proposed by Duffie and Kan (1996) in which the functions I _k (.), k=1,...,N are associated to HARA utility functions (with possibly different risk aversion parameters), and we show that the utility maximization problem leads to a Riccati ODE. Moreover, we extend to the multi-factor framework the stability result proved in Grasselli (2003), namely, the almost-sure convergence of the solution with respect to the parameters of the utility function. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 91B28 Journal of Economic Literature Classification: G11     

Predicting Retirement Upon Eligibility: An Embeddedness Perspective

Concern over the impact of baby‐boomers' retirement on needed skills and proprietary knowledge has stimulated an interest in identifying workplace factors associated with retirement upon eligibility. Drawing from embeddedness theory, the authors identify work‐based antecedents potentially underlying a related, but distinct, form of withdrawal—retirement upon eligibility. The authors generate and test hypotheses regarding the impact of fit‐, sacrifice‐, and links‐related antecedents using a prospective study design and a national probability sample of some 500 older individuals who, at the time of the initial interview, were within months of becoming—for the first time—eligible to receive such benefits. The findings indicate that, beyond the effects of person‐based antecedents (e.g., age, health, assets, expected retirement income), a combination of fit‐ (i.e., job challenge), sacrifice‐ (i.e., perceived organizational support), and links‐related factors (i.e., stability of close workplace peer relations) have a substantial influence on the decision to retire upon eligibility. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Sur l'intervention de l'état dans le financement du logement

Magri, S. 1972: Politique du logement et besoins en main d'?uvre. Pinçon, M. 1976: Les HLM. Structure sociale de la population logée, agglomération de Paris. Harvey, D. 1973: Social justice and the city Roberts, J. T. 1976: General improvement areas. Farnborough: National Community Development Project 1975: The poverty of the improvement programme. Lindberg, L. N., Alford, R., Crouch, C. and Offe, C. , editors, 1975: Stress and contradiction in modern capitalism. Perlman, J. E. 1976: The myth of marginality: urban poverty and politics in Rio de Janeiro. Granelle, J-J. 1975: La valeur du sol urbain et la propriété foncière: le marché des terrains à Paris.     

Statistical model for earthquake economic loss estimation using GDP and DPI: a case study from Iran

As earthquakes can result in multi-dimensional negative consequences such as human loss and building damage, the ability to make accurate economic loss estimations immediately after the occurrence is crucial. Unfortunately, in many earthquake-stricken countries such as Iran, governments are often unable to quickly or accurately assess post-earthquake losses. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to extend the model developed by Chan et al. (Nat Hazards 17:269–283, 1998) to two independent variables to develop an earthquake economic loss estimation method based on the economic and socio-economic indices gross domestic product (GDP) and disposable personal income (DPI) and a seismic hazard probability function. A global cell map is also considered to assess the GDP and DPI based on the population in each cell affected by the earthquake. In the final stage, using the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, 18 earthquake damaged areas in Iran are taken as case study to estimate the economic losses using the new model presented in this paper.

     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Bouquet, M. and Winter, M. editors, 1987: Who from their labours rest? Conflict and practice in rural tourism. Chapman, K. and Humphrys, G. editors, 1987: Technical change and industrial policy. Danson, M. editor, 1986: Redundancy and recession. Restructuring the regions? Gilroy, P. 1987: ‘There ain't no black in the Union Jack’: the cultural politics of race and nation. Glebe, G. and O'Loughlin, J. editors, 1987: Foreign minorities in continental European cities. Henckel, D., Nopper, E. and Rauch, N. 1984: Informationstechnologie und Stadtentwicklung Henckel, D., Grabow, B., Knopf, C., Rauch, N. and Regitz, W. 1986: Produktionstechnologien und Raumentwicklung McGee, T. with Choo, C., Linge, G., Missen, G., Salih, K., Taylor, M., Young, L. and Warr, P. 1986: Industrialisation and labour force processes: case study of Peninsular Malaysia. Taylor, M. and Thrift, N. editors, 1986: Multinationals and the restructuring of the world economy. Waldinger, R. 1986: Through the eye of the needle: immigrants and enterprise in New York's garment trades.     

SHORTER REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Dickens, P., 1990: Urban sociology: society, locality and human nature. Fothergill, S. and N. Guy, 1990: Retreat from the regions: corporate change and the closure of factories. Frieden, B.J. and L.B. Sagalyn, 1989: Downtown Inc.: how America rebuilds cities. Galt, A.H., 1991: Far from the church bells: settlement and society in an Apulian town. Hummon, D.M., 1990: Commonplaces: community ideology and identity in American culture. Keat, R. and N. Abercrombie (eds), 1991: Enterprise culture. Levine, M.V., 1990: The reconquest of Montreal: language policy and social change in a bilingual city. Lo, C., 1990: Small property versus big government. Phizacklea, A., 1990: Unpacking the fashion industry: gender, racism and class in production. Rodenstein, M., 1988: ‘Mehr Licht, mehr Luft’: Gesundheitskonzepte im Städtebau seit 1750. Stohr, W.B. (ed.), 1990: Global challenge and local response: initiatives for economic regeneration in contemporary Europe.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Angel, S., Archer, R.W., Tanphiphat, S. and Wegelin, E.A. editors, 1983: Land for housing the poor. Armstrong, W. and McGee, T.G. 1985: Theatres of accumulation: studies in Asian and Latin American urbanization. Gwynne, R.N. 1985: Industrialisation and urbanisation in Latin America. Breheny, M. and Hooper, A. editors, 1985: Rationality in planning: critical essays on the role of rationality in urban and regional planning. Bulmer, M. 1986: Neighbours: the work of Philip Abrams. Castells, M. editor, 1985: High technology, space and society. Demko, G. editor, 1984: Regional development, problems and policies in eastern and western Europe. Dickens, P., Duncan, S., Goodwin, M. and Gray, F. 1985: Housing, states and localities. Edel, M., Sclar, E.D. and Luria, D. 1984: Shaky places: home ownership and social mobility in Boston's suburbanization. Forrest, R. and Murie, A. 1985: An unreasonable act? Goldsmith, M. editor, 1986: New research in central-local relations. Goldberg, M.A. and Mercer, J. 1986: The myth of the north American city: continentalism challenged. Gordon, G. editor, 1986: Regional cities in the UK 1890–1980. Hamel, P. and Leonard, J-F. 1981: Les organisations populaires, l'etat et la démocratie Lesemann, F. 1984: Services and circuses: community and the welfare state. Hudson, R. and Lewis, J. editors, 1985: Uneven development in southern Europe: studies of accumulation, class, migration and the state. Kern-Simirenko. C.A. editor, 1982: Professionalization of Soviet society: essays written by Alex Simirenko. Krämer, J. and Neef, R. editors, 1985: Krise und konflikte in der großstadt im entwickelten kapitalismus. Logan, W.S. 1985: The gentrification of inner Melbourne: a political geography of inner city housing. Loughlin, M., Gelfand, M.D. and Young, K. editors, 1985: Half a century of municipal decline, 1935–1985. Flynn, N., Leach, S. and Vielba, C. 1985: Abolition or reform? The GLC and the Metropolitan County Councils. Ranson, S., Jones, G. and Walsh, K. editors, 1985: Between centre and locality. Massey, D. and Meegan, R. editors, 1985: Politics and method: contrasting studies in industrial geography. Pacione, M. editor, 1985: Progress in industrial geography. McAuslan, P. 1985: Urban land and shelter for the poor. Murgatroyd, L., Savage, M., Shapiro, D., Urry, J., Walby, S., Warde, A. with Marklawson, J. 1985: Localities, class and gender. Rees, G., Bujra, J., Littlewood, P., Newby, H. and Rees, T.L. editors, 1985: Political action and social identity: class, locality and ideology. Roberts, B., Finnegan, R. and Gallie, D. editors, 1985: New approaches to economic restructuring: unemployment and the social division of labour.     

BOOKS REVIEWS

Books Reviews is this articles Fineman, Stephen, White Collar Unemployment—Impact and Stress. Nelson, Daniel. Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management. Reason, P. and Rowan, J. (Eds). Human Inquiry: A Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. McLean, Adrian, Sims, David, Mangham, Iain and Tuffield, David. Organization Development in Transition: Evidence of an Evolving Profession. Whitley, Richard, Thomas, Alan and Marceau, Jane. Masters of Business? Business Schools and Business Graduates in Britain and France. Thomson, Andrew and Warner, Malcolm (Eds). The Behavioural Sciences and Industrial Relations. Watts, A. G., Super, Donald E., and Kidd, Jennifer M. Career Development in Britain. Cook, John D., Hepworth, Susan J., Wall, Toby D. and Warr, Peter B., The Experience of Work A Compendium and Review of 249 Measures and Their Use. Singleton, W. T. (Ed.) Management Skills. Zammuto, Raymond F. Assessing Organizational Effectiveness: Systems Change, Adaptation and Strategy. de Wolff, C. J., Shimmin, Sylvia and Montmollin, Maurice. Conflicts and Contradictions: Work Psychologists in Europe. Eilon, Samuel. Management Control.     

Community college supervisors and their subordinates: A quantitative investigation of personality temperament and leader‐member exchange

Community college leadership is facing a crisis fueled by leaders retiring and student enrollment that outpaces budget growth. The purpose of this study was to better understand the leadership dynamics of community college supervisors and direct subordinates by examining the relationship bgetween leader‐member exchange (LMX) and personality temperament. Data from the Supervisor Leader‐Member Exchange Multidimensional Model (SLMX‐MDM) survey was used to determine LMX total within four subscales: affect, loyalty, contribution, and professional respect. Participants' temperaments were determined by the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II (KTS‐II). Research questions focused on whether differences in LMX existed among groups of supervisor–subordinate dyads that were categorized according to temperament similarity: 1) identical temperament (e.g., both supervisor and subordinate are SJ), 2) one letter (e.g., SP and SJ), or 3) no letters in common (e.g., NF and SP). The 50 participating dyads were selected through proportionate stratified sampling. Results from one‐way ANOVAs showed significant differences among groups with respect to total LMX, contribution, and professional respect.     

Increasing sample sizes do not always increase the power of UMPU-tests for 2×2 tables

We consider the uniformly most powerful unbiased (UMPU) one-sided test for the comparison of two proportions based on sample sizes m and n, i.e., the randomized version of Fisher's exact one-sided test. It will be shown that the power function of the one-sided UMPU-test based on sample sizes m and n can coincide with the power function of the UMPU-test based on sample sizes m+1 and n for certain levels on the entire parameter space. A characterization of all such cases with identical power functions is derived. Finally, this characterization is closely related to number theoretical problems concerning Fermat-like binomial equations. Some consequences for Fisher's original exact test will be discussed, too.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Review in this Article Morgan , Gareth (Ed.) Beyond Method: Strategies For Social Research. Earl , Michael J. (Ed.) Perspectives On Management - A Multidisciplinary Analysis. Karabadse , Andrew The Politics of Management. Poole , M., Brown , W., Rubery , J., Sisson , K., Tarling , R. and Wilkinson , F. Industrial Relations In the Future: Trends and Possibilities In Britain Over the Next Decade. Bradley , Keith and Gelb , Alan Worker Capitalism: the New Industrial Relations. Durcan , J. W., Mccarthy , W. E. J. and Redman , G. P. Strikes In Post-War Britain: A Study of Stoppages of Work Due to Industrial Disputes, 1946-73.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article: Bagguley, P., J. Mark-Lawson, D. Shapiro, J. Urry, S. Walby and A. Warde, 1990: Restructuring: place, class and gender. Dunford, M.F., 1988. Capital, the state and regional development. Harloe, M., C. Pickvance and J. Urry (eds), 1990: Place, policy and politics: do localities matter? Henckel, D. (ed.), 1988: Arbeitszeit, Betriebszeit, Freizeit. Auswirkungen auf die Raumentwicklung. Henckel, D., B. Grabow, H. Kunert-Schroth, E. Nopper and N. Rauch, 1989: Zeitstrukturen und Stadtentwicklung. Rodriguez-Lores, J. and G. Fehl (eds), 1988: Die Kleinwohnungsfrage. Zu den Ursprüngen des sozialen Wohnungsbaus in Europa. Schildt, A. and A. Sywottek (eds), 1988: Massenwohnung und Eigenheim. Urry, J., 1990: The tourist gaze: leisure and travel in contemporary societies. Wheelock, J., 1990: Husbands at home: the domestic economy in a post-industrial society.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article: Albrechts, L., Moulaert, F., Roberts, P. and Swyngedouw, E. , editors, 1989: Regional policy at the crossroads: European perspectives. Bagnasco, A. 1988: La costruzione sociale del mercato. Ball, M. 1988: Rebuilding construction: economic change in the British construction industry. Boulton, J. 1987: Neighbourhood and society: a London suburb in the seventeenth century. Dogan, M. and Kasarda, J.D. , editors, 1988: The metropolis era: volume 1, A world of giant cities; volume 2, Mega-Cities. Dose, N. and Drexler, A. editors, 1988: Technologieparks. Voraussetzungen, Bestandsaufnahme und Kritik. Eisenstadt, S.N. and Shachar, A. 1987: Society, culture and civilisation. Gaskell, G. and Benewick, R. editors, 1987: The crowd in contemporary Britain Hajer, M. A. 1989: City politics. Hamnett, C. and Randolph, B. 1988: Cities, housing and profits: flat breakup and the decline of private renting. Harris, R. 1988: Democracy in Kingston: a social movement in urban politics 1965–1970. Healey, P., McNamara, P., Elson, M. and Doak, A. 1988: Land use planning and the mediation of urban change. Helman, C. 1987: The Milton-Park affair: Canada's largest citizen-developer confrontation. Howells, J. and Green, A. 1988: Technological innovation, structural change and location in UK services. Howells, J. 1988: Economic, technological and locational trends in European services. Hudson, R. 1989: Wrecking a region: state policies, party politics and regional change in North East England. Jessen, J., Siebel, W., Siebel-Rebell, Chr., Walther, U.-J. and Weyrather, I. editors, 1988: Arbeit nach der Arbeit — Schattenwirtschaft, Wertewandel und Industriearbeit. Johnston, R.J., Pattie, C.J. and Allsopp, J.G. 1988: A nation dividing? The electoral map of Great Britain 1979–1987. Law, CM. with Grime, E.K., Grundy, C.J., Senior, M.L. and Tuppen, J.N. 1988: The uncertain future of the urban core. Plotkin, S. 1987: Keep out: the struggle for land use control.     

The Facts About Small Business and the Real Values of Its 'Life World': A Social Philosophical Interpretation of This Sector of the Modem Economy

Abstract . According to a line of European social philosophers from Marx to Habermas, the development of society is characterized by a process of rationalization, accompanied by alienation and objectification of labor and human relations, and more generally a degradation of what Jürgen Habermashas called the person's “life world.” But the facts about small and medium sized business, as disclosed by empirical investigation, offer a different picture, one of small and medium size enterprises (SME) with a number of attributes associated with social organization on a small scale, of e.g., personality and independence. These can provide a counterweight to its disadvantages and limitations and therefore can be seen as values from a social philosophical point of view. Economically the same attributes make SME vulnerable to the market power and competition of big business. The new technology offers threats to SME, but also opportunities.     

Arbitrage pricing theory and risk-neutral measures

Abstract We consider a market with countably many risky assets and finite factor structure, as in the “arbitrage pricing theory” of Ross (1976). We prove necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of parameters for the existence of an equivalent risk-neutral measure, i.e., a measure under which each asset return has zero expected value. We relate these conditions to a certain absence of arbitrage property of the model. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 91B24, 91B28 Journal of Economic Literature Classification: G10, G12