Consequences of Environmental Tax Reform for Unemployment and Welfare

We investigate the welfare effects of environmental tax reform, i.e. raising environmental taxes and using the proceeds to reduce distortionary taxes on labour. The framework of analysis is a small open economy with involuntary unemployment due to a rigid consumer wage. Environmental tax reform boosts not only environmental quality but also employment if substitution between labour and resources is easy, the production share of the fixed factor is large, and the initial tax rates on resources and profits are small. If the initial tax system is sub-optimal with a negligible tax on resources, profits rise as well.     

铸币税、减税与税制改革

在内需不足时期应该实行减税政策，以刺激民间需求的增长，但由于政府执行积极的财政政策，客观上造成财政赤字日益增加且难以弥补，这又为减税政策的实施带来了困难。征收铸币税可以有效地克服这一矛盾，可以同时实现弥补财政赤字和增加公共投资的双重目的，进一步扩大内需并推动经济更快地发展。从我国的实际出发，提出征收铸币税后我国可实行的各项减税的措施和方案，并就我国的税制改革提出了意见和看法。     

Pollution, Capital Mobility and Tax Policies with Unemployment

In this paper we highlight aspects related to the links among unemployment, international capital mobility, and tax policies in a small open developing economy. Without international capital mobility, the joint optimal trade and environmental policies require a zero tariff and an emission tax lower than the Pigouvian tax. With international capital mobility and a capital tax (subsidy), the optimal emission tax rate is smaller (larger) compared to the rate when capital is untaxed. When both the emission tax and the capital tax/subsidy are jointly chosen optimally, then the optimal policy on capital is a lower subsidy, or even a tax, compared to the standard capital subsidy of the no pollution case.     

A Major Environmental Tax Reform for the UK: Results for the Economy,Employment and the Environment

This paper reports the results of a major modelling exercise to gain insights into the possible economic and environmental effects of a large-scale environmental tax reform (ETR) in the UK. ETR involves a shift in the target of taxation away from labour or firms towards pollution or the use of natural resources, in such a way that overall tax revenues are unchanged. It is hoped that such a tax shift will deliver environmental improvements while having a neutral or positive effect on the economy. The modelling was set up to explore the extent to which this would be the case. The paper starts with a brief literature review identifying the theoretical hypotheses relating to ETR and summarising the results of some of the evaluations of ETRs that have been implemented. It then briefly describes the model used for the analysis in this paper. The main body of the paper then describes the scenarios set up to explore the main impacts and the results of modelling these scenarios. These results suggest that substantial reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be achieved with minimal impacts on output and an overall increase in employment, such that ETR emerges as a very attractive policy for GHG emission reduction.     

论税务管理能力与有效税制改革

衡量一项税制或税制改革是否有效,其最综合性的标志是:税制执行后,其理论税负与实际税负是否一致。而这一状况的实现,与一国税制的设计是否与其税务管理能力相匹配是密切相关的。各国税制改革的实践表明,税务管理能力本身就应成为一国有效税制改革的中心。我国当前不尽如人意的税制执行结果,以及税制与税务管理确立背景的诸多变化,都迫切要求我们进一步提高税务管理能力,以增强税制及税制改革的有效性。     

环境污染、环境税收与经济增长的实证分析

文章在效用函数的基础上建立了一个环境税收的动态经济理论模型,并利用江苏沿海区域1999年～2006年的相关数据建立面板数据模型进行实证研究,发现在环境税收的影响下,江苏沿海区域环境污染与经济增长是复杂的N型曲线关系,而不是倒U型曲线关系。这试图为我国构建环境税收体系,正确认识环境污染与经济增长的关系提出了指导性建议。     

Tax Reform,Delocation, and Heterogeneous Firms*

The standard international tax model is extended to allow for heterogeneous firms when agglomeration forces are important, enabling us to study the relocation effects of taxes that vary according to firm size. We show that allowing for heterogeneity permits a given tax scheme to have an endogenously different effect on the location decision of small and big firms, with the biggest firms being endogenously more likely to relocate in reaction to high taxes. We show that a reform that flattens the tax–firm–size profile can raise tax revenue without inducing any relocation.     

Tax Reform and Progressivity

The established theory of tax progressivity cannot handle basic tax reform questions, such as whether an increase in personal allowances makes the tax system more progressive, because the core results assume that tax liability is never zero. This paper generalises the core theory to allow for zero tax payments, and applies the new framework to the analysis of allowances, income-related deductions and tax credits. Log concavity of the tax schedule—a property quite distinct from any existing notion of progressivity—emerges as the critical determinant of whether the distribution of the tax burden becomes more progressive as allowances are increased.     

完善资源税制 保护西部环境

实施西部大开发战略对于加快西部经济的发展是不可多得的历史机遇。然而,西部地区脆弱的生态环境,严重地制约着西部乃至全国经济和社会的可持续发展。因此,在西部大开发战略的实施过程中,应采取各种措施保护、合理开发和有效利用自然资源,使西部的环境免遭进一步的破坏。和其他措施相比较,资源税有独到之处,但现行税制仍有缺陷和不足,因此,资源税的完善应引起我们的高度重视。一、西部地区的生态环境严重制约着西部乃至全国的发展任何一个地区经济的发展都需要以良好的环境为基础。生态环境的恶化,不仅会使资源枯竭、威胁人类的生…     

结构性减税的税制思考

中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议中,提出了积极构建有利于转变经济发展方式的财税体制。本文在回顾结构性减税的积极效应之后,提出了进一步完善增值税转型等税制改革新思路,以及结构性减税应做好有关配套改革的思考。进一步发挥结构性减税对促进产业结构升级、调节收入分配等方面具有积极作用,能够有效推动经济发展方式的转变。     

Tax Incidence in a Model with Efficiency Wages and Unemployment

Abstract

The purpose of the present paper is to examine the effects of taxation on income distribution in a model with efficiency wages and involuntary unemployment. Central to our efficiency-wage model is the hypothesis that firms set wages above market-clearing levels, whenever the productivity of labor depends on the real wage paid by the firm, and unemployment. Within a two sector general equilibrium model we study the incidence of factor and commodity taxes on income distribution, and unemployment. Our findings differ substantially from those derived by the traditional neoclassical analysis, originally developed by Harberger, and as it has been extended by several authors.     

物业税改革模式及税收效应研究

近年来,物业税开征及改革模式受到了社会的很大关注。该文对物业税改革的两种模式进行了理论分析,并以深圳市为例进行了实证考察,结果表明:对所有物业征收物业税,将带来较强的税负递增效应、地区差异效应,以及对房屋租赁市场的冲击效应,但税收收入有较强的稳定性与充足性。因此,从我国现实考虑,现阶段应该对居民基本住宅免征物业税;但在长期内,应对所有物业征收物业税。     

Labour Tax Reform, the Good Jobs and the Bad Jobs

We analyse recent proposals to shift the tax burden away from low‐paid labour, assuming a dual labour market where the “good” high‐paying jobs are rationed. A shift in the tax burden from low‐paid to high‐paid workers has an ambiguous effect on the level of aggregate employment while the allocation of aggregate employment is further distorted. Even if the tax reform raises total employment, economic efficiency may be reduced because labour is reallocated from high‐productive to low‐productive jobs. We also find that opportunities for on‐the‐job search have important implications for the policy effects.     

税制改革、产权安排与避税动因的盈余管理

笔者以2008年我国所得税税制改革后公司所得税税率下降公司为研究样本,研究上市公司避税动因的盈余管理行为以及产权安排对公司避税程度的影响.研究发现在公司所得税税率变化前一年,税率降低公司存在显著的利润推迟的盈余管理行为,进一步研究显示这种利润推迟盈余管理只在非国有控股公司中出现,而国有控股公司并没有进行明显的利润推迟盈余管理.研究结论为产权安排对公司行为的影响提供了新的经验证据.     

高速增长的中国税收与税制结构调整

近年来中国税收收入高速增长 ,加之西方国家纷纷减税 ,各界人士对此议论纷纷 ,仔细分析税收增加的原因 ,实际并非是税负负担过重。而中国税收的真正问题在于税制结构需要调整 ,必须建立符合中国当前国情的税制结构 ,使之更有利于经济、社会发展。形成流转税和所得税并重的双税收体系 ,把生产型增值税转向消费型增值税 ,扩大消费税范围 ,逐步改间接税为直接税 ,增收社会保障税和一些绿色税种 ,让消费多的富裕人群缴纳多的税收 ,加强税收收取的透明度 ,体现税收政策的公平性 ,使之更有利于经济、社会发展。     

经济波动、税收政策与结构性减税

运用包括税收政策在内的宏观经济政策来熨平经济波动成为各国宏观调控的重要手段。西方各经济学派关于税收政策在总量和微观上应用观点不尽一致,但总体认为税收政策是有一定功效的。中国运用税收政策进行宏观经济调控走过了从起步阶段、初试阶段、理智回归阶段到理智运用阶段,结构性减税政策的实施更是进行宏观经济调控的集大成。当前应有效地实施结构性减税措施,准确把握结构性减税以及结构性减税的执行力度,减少效用损失,同时考虑当前的财政承受能力。     

高校毕业生择业观与结构性失业之探究

文章以山西省部分高校应届毕业生的调查问卷为事实来源,从就业问题中的结构性失业与高校毕业生的择业观角度进行二者间的分析,以期明了二者间的可能性或必然性联系,从而为就业问题的解决提供一定的可行性建议。