Jailer of freedom and enemy of growth?* The role of personal and social identities in educational choices

This paper develops a theoretical and empirical model on the influence of identity on educational choices which extends the existing literature in several directions. The theoretical model proposed here allows schooling choices to be independently influenced by both personal and social identities and, in contrast to previous work, the proposed empirical counterpart is derived directly from the theoretical model. The use of UK’s British Cohort Study on individuals born in 1970 allows us to identify with precision the relevant explanatory factors and to appropriately control for potentially confounding factors. Both social and personal identities are found to have substantial and statistically significant effects on educational participation decisions and these impacts are robust to a variety of specifications. The key implication is that socio-psychological factors play an important role in children’s school performance through their direct influence on the utility derived from studying.     

DO PLAYERS REACT TO SANCTION CHANGES? EVIDENCE FROM THE ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE

This paper evaluates the impact on three types of offences, red card fouls, yellow card fouls, and no‐card fouls of Fédération Internationale de Football Association's introduction of a rule change in 1998 by exploiting the competitive variation in English Premier League football games over two seasons. A key result of this paper is that as more offences became eligible for red cards, the number of red cards did not increase after the introduction of the new law. The results indicate that the relationship between non‐red card fouls and many of their determinants appears to have changed significantly between the 1997–8 and 1998–9 seasons. The findings in the paper are consistent with the view that an increase in the severity of the sanction associated with a tackle from behind raised the number of no‐card and yellow card fouls.     

Entrepreneurial learning: A conceptual framework for technology-based enterprise

Entrepreneurial learning has emerged as an important yet insufficiently understood area of enquiry. This paper develops new understanding in this area from a social constructionist perspective by using narratives elicited from technology-based entrepreneurs to explore their learning experiences and behaviours. The unit of analysis is the emergent entrepreneur in the technology-based enterprise. The paper develops a framework for analysing entrepreneurial learning through in-depth analysis of entrepreneurial experiences by using discourse analysis based on a social learning perspective. This conceptual framework includes three major themes of personal and social emergence, contextual learning and the negotiated enterprise, and 11 related sub-themes. These demonstrate connections between the emergence of entrepreneurial identity, learning as a social and contextual process, opportunity recognition, and venture formation as a negotiated activity.     

空中乘务专业认同测量模型及其实证研究

综合采用文献分析与深度访谈，提出了空中乘务专业认同四维度测量模型，它包括：专业教学、专业前景、专业意识及专业发展。开发并验证了用于测量空中乘务专业认同的量表。实证结果表明：开发的量表具有良好的信效度。对开展空中乘务专业认同优化管理提供参考依据。     

期权加油卡的产品设计、定价和套期保值研究

在消费者被迫接受成品油价格风险、石油零售商零售业竞争日益激烈和我国成品油定价机制矛盾日益突出的背景下,本文提出石油零售商可发行期权加油卡来实现下面三个目标:(1)为消费者提供成品油价格风险管理的工具;(2)为石油零售商提供一种新的锁定客户的营销手段;(3)推进成品油的市场化改革。本文首先设计期权加油卡,然后采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法对加油卡定价,接着分析石油零售商发行加油卡的风险的套期保值损益,最后讨论期权加油卡的相关实际操作问题。     

Valuation of the ecosystem services: A psycho-cultural perspective

Valuation of ecosystems services has been a challenging issue for economists. There is a growing concern to capture the total and incremental changes in services of different types of ecosystems, mainly, due to perturbations arising from anthropogenic activities. Market-based valuation techniques have long been declared inadequate and a constructed market method such as the contingent valuation method albeit a robust tool does not seem to capture the expanse, nuances, and intricacies of many of the ecosystem services. The paper attempts to address the lacunae in valuation of ecosystem services from a psychological perspective by arguing that the common person's perception of the ecosystem is quite different from what is conceptualized by conventional economists. The paper shows how the ecological identity of individuals is revealed at various levels of the decision-making hierarchy that is, from local to regional and further onto a global level. The paper builds upon insights from psychoanalytic psychology and environmental-psychology. Further, it outlines recent research findings from experimental psychology to redefine concepts such as ecological identity, self-other dichotomy, and the fostering of identification with nature, as issues that must be embraced in the valuation of ecosystem services. Extending the idea of relational goods and reciprocity, the paper offers a deconstructed view of market forces and furthers the idea of interdisciplinary collaboration and cooperation in the valuation of ecosystem services. In this perspective the dichotomy and schism between markets, missing markets and non-markets, gets renovated and reconstructed beyond a utilitarian discourse.     

区域形象设计——区域发展战略研究的新课题

本文探讨了区域形象系统的概念、特点和功能,分析了区域形象系统的基本结构以及区域理念识别系统、区域行为识别系统和区域视觉识别系统的意义。总结了由历史形象、现实形象和发展形象构成的区域总体形象评价体系。提出了区域形象设计的主要工作步骤．指出区域系统是较企业更为复杂的系统．区域形象设计除要吸取企业形象设计的理论方法外．还应发展自己的理论与方法。     

身份认同与薪酬激励：一个文献评述

本文回顾了近期在西方取得快速研究进展的身份认同理论发展历程,并详细介绍了其在治理结构研究中的运用。我们发现身份认同与薪酬激励的结合为解决中国公共部门与企业的委托代理问题均提供了很好的研究思路。同时,身份认同理论与薪酬激励理论及发展经济学的结合将为解决中国转型经济特有的企业控股股东与经理人的委托代理问题发挥重要的作用。     

Building Innovation Networks: Issues of Strategy and Expertise

This article investigates the role of networks in new product development by reporting on a contemporary case study of a firm in the defence electronics sector. A specific focus is the development and ongoing management of a network that comprises a number of formal inter-firm strategic alliances. The paper begins by reviewing earlier literature on technology strategies for innovation that has identified a key role for inter-firm networking in the organization and management of new product development. We then consider the related issue of the relevant management expertise, which enables firms to adopt a network approach to their strategy for innovation by developing a competence in the process of network building. In this particular case study the critical issue centred upon the extent of the internal resources in terms of time and personal effort that was devoted to building trust and actively managing various inter-firm relationships over time. The article concludes that while inter-firm networking can facilitate new product development across firm boundaries, it is not a panacea for success. Whilst financially successful in terms of product and market development, the networking strategy has also set up problems within the particular case study firm in terms of resourcing and managing the very growth that has been generated.     

Building Innovation Networks: Issues of Strategy and Expertise

This article investigates the role of networks in new product development by reporting on a contemporary case study of a firm in the defence electronics sector. A specific focus is the development and ongoing management of a network that comprises a number of formal inter-firm strategic alliances. The paper begins by reviewing earlier literature on technology strategies for innovation that has identified a key role for inter-firm networking in the organization and management of new product development. We then consider the related issue of the relevant management expertise, which enables firms to adopt a network approach to their strategy for innovation by developing a competence in the process of network building. In this particular case study the critical issue centred upon the extent of the internal resources in terms of time and personal effort that was devoted to building trust and actively managing various inter-firm relationships over time. The article concludes that while inter-firm networking can facilitate new product development across firm boundaries, it is not a panacea for success. Whilst financially successful in terms of product and market development, the networking strategy has also set up problems within the particular case study firm in terms of resourcing and managing the very growth that has been generated.     

Standard competition: Is collaborative strategy necessary in shaping the smart card market?

This paper is concerned with the standard competition in the three most outstanding innovation cases of videocassette recorder [VCR; video home system (VHS)/Betamax standard competition], Windows operating system for personal computers (PC; Windows standard competition), and smart cards (smart cards standard competition). The study presents a comparative analysis of major conceptual frameworks in innovation management—the Competitive Forces Model by Porter [M. Porter, Competitive Strategy, Free Press, New York, 1980] and the Managing Migration Paths Model by Hamel and Prahalad [G. Hamel and C.K. Prahalad, Competing for the future, Harvard Business School Press Boston, MA, 1994] for empirical analysis and discussions. It is argued that the ability to establish an industry standard enables an innovator to create competitive advantage. In other words, the ability to establish an industry standard provides a platform for an innovator to excel at the innovation process by generating a continuity of commercially successful innovations. The paper evaluates the strategic management of innovations by studying the previous standard competition of innovations, to suggest the direction of smart cards. The players in the smart card industry may use this empirical analysis to define strategic approach for their plan to compete in smart card launch.     

自然型旅游景区文化元素提炼及其系统管理

自然型景区同样具有文化属性。对其开发的途径包括文化元素的提炼、文化元素的整合和丰富、文化系统的整合和景区文化开发等环节。自然型景区文化的管理要满足充分实现旅游景区对旅游者文化传递的要求、实现自然资源旅游区内各个文化元素系统的整合、建立旅游景区形象系统,注重景区文化系统开发的可持续性发展。对于自然景区的文化系统的契入,应从规划时开始,并在运营过程中实现文化系统的动态管理。     

Correcting for biases when estimating production functions: an illusion of the laws of algebra?

This paper shows that the endogeneity bias that allegedly appearswhen estimating production functions using value data, and whichthe literature has tried to deal with since the 1940s, is simplythe result of omitted-variable bias due to a poor approximationto an accounting identity. This problem has no econometric solution.As a result, recent attempts to solve the problem by developingnew estimators are questioned. The only possible way to estimatethe technological parameters of the production function is touse physical quantities.     

基于新区域地理的拉萨市城市个性维护与发展研究

通过文献分析、深入访谈及作者长时间对该地域的了解,借鉴新区域地理的分析方法,归纳了拉萨市城市个性形成的新区域地理动力机制,探讨了维护拉萨市城市个性面临的挑战。主要结论如下:①拉萨市城市个性具有高寒的自然环境、浓厚的宗教氛围、地位突出的历史文化风貌、多元文化主导下的城市发展、鲜明的建筑风格、较小的城市规模六个特点;②拉萨市城市个性的形成是在"地方"、"行为主体"、"体系"三者相互作用下形成;③拉萨市城市个性维护与发展面临全球化浪潮对西藏文化的冲击、西部大开发对生态、民族文化可持续性的影响、青藏铁路建设与旅游开发适度性对脆弱环境的破坏三个方面;④拉萨市城市个性的维护应坚持以人为本、以文化为核心、以可持续为战略的发展思路。     

互联网创业身份的构建——基于众筹数据的实证检验

如何构建一个恰如其分的创业身份以应对“求同还是存异”的两难困境,从而吸引大众投资者的支持,是互联网众筹创业情境下至关重要的研究议题。本文基于最优区分理论的多维协奏视角,区分了创业者身份相似性和创业项目独特性,并将大众投资者的决策过程区分为投资意愿和投资规模决策阶段,构建了大众投资者评估最优区分创业身份的两阶段模型,得出如下结论：在同一阶段内,创业者身份和创业项目身份两个维度表现为一致性的交互协奏模式,而跨阶段时则表现为互补性的交互协奏模式。最优区分创业身份的构建是通过跨越不同阶段、不同结构维度达成的,具体表现为：在投资意愿决策阶段,传达较高程度的创业身份相似性;在投资规模决策阶段,传达中等程度的创业项目独特性。本研究进一步丰富了最优区分理论多维协奏模式的研究,也为互联网创业提供了创业身份构建的最优区分模式借鉴。     

文化遗产管理的战略性与可持续性:旅游开发、地域身份构建与文化经济发展

从文化遗产的特征及其转化利用的机制的分析入手,从文化遗产与旅游开发、地域身份构建与文化经济发展三个层面论证文化遗产管理的战略性与可持续性,以此希望能够为文化遗产的保护、开发以及两者之间的平衡提供坚实的理论基础,并确保其发展的规范性、持久性和扩展性。     

You Are What You Eat: The Social Economy of the Slow Food Movement

Recent work by Schor revives concerns raised by Veblen and Hirsch over the destructive consequences of competitive consumption. In contrast, Twitchell argues that increased access to commodities as symbols of luxury signals a democratization of class and social status. Rather than playing the role of dupes, consumers are active co-conspirators in the creation and maintenance of luxury goods markets. While flawed, each of these perspectives has something important to offer to social economists interested in understanding consumption. A key question for social economists is whether material pleasure and the symbolic expression of identity through consumer goods is compatible with a more politicized, socially conscious consumption ethos. Food consumption offers a fruitful starting point for pursuing this issue. I begin by examining food and its symbolic role in identity formation. I then consider the Slow Food movement and explore the ways in which it maintains a central role for material pleasure while promoting a socially and environmentally conscious stance toward consumption.     

On the Economics of Callback Services

This paper investigates the economic effects of callback services, an issue which has previously brought much disputes and conflicts. Whereas the existence of callback services has been attributed to a rate disparity between countries, we show that it can arise either from the inefficiency of domestic markets or from the accounting rate which is far from cost-based. Although callback service is an inefficient means of utilizing resources, its introduction may lead the international telephony markets in an efficient direction when inefficiencies exist in the market. It also helps us understand why conflicts occur among the agents with respect to the legitimacy of callback services by comparing the international telephony markets before and after the introduction of callback services.     

Identity,Utility, and Cooperative Behaviour: An Evolutionary Perspective*†

This paper provides an argument for the advantage of a preference for identity‐consistent behaviour from an evolutionary point of view. Within a stylized model of social interaction, it is shown that the development of cooperative social norms is greatly facilitated if the agents possess a preference for identity‐consistent behaviour. As compliance with cooperative norms (in the long run) has a positive effect on the agents’ pay‐offs, it is argued that such a preference is evolutionarily advantageous. Notably, the argument, which assumes that agents always act in accordance with their preferences, also accounts for the cost of those features that are crucial for the selection process.