Investigating Graduate Business Students' Perceptions of the Educational Value Provided by an International Travel Course Experience

Abstract

Researchers agree that students' critical thinking and decision making skills are enhanced through exposure to new cultures and global markets. Thus, one way of bringing about improvement in these areas is through international travel courses. The purpose of this study is threefold. One, to describe the process involved in the creation of a required for-credit international travel course; two, present the findings of a research study designed to investigate graduate business students' perceptions of the educational value provided by an international travel course; and three, describe the ongoing process of closing the assessment loop as it relates to the internationalization of MBA and MACC curricula. The results of this study are encouraging. In general, students perceived that the international travel course added value to their educational experience and enhanced their relationships with other students. Items receiving weaker support were concerned with “thinking skills”, such as multi-disciplinary integration and improved decision-making. These results have important implications for future improvements to the international travel course.     

Latin America: Environmental and firm-level challenges

During the last decades Latin America, as the rest of the world, has gone through a process of increased commercial openness and due to the commodities price boom of the last years the region has grown significantly. However competitiveness hasn't improved much, mostly due to lack of concern from governments. Companies, though, cope with the increase in competition resulting from the greater openness by refining their management practices in the different management areas: marketing, finance, information technology and strategy. Academics study these effects in the papers that comprise the special issue of the Journal of Business Research with the best papers from the conferences of the Business Association for Latin American Studies (BALAS).     

Bet You Can't Eat Just one-

Household and food store manager perceptions of the acceptance of four means of reducing the incidence and severity of food safety hazards were estimated using a mail survey in early 1992. Households gave limited acceptance to use of vacuum packaging, irradiation, organic production and pesticide-free production as means of reducing food safety hazards. Education of the household head was the only socioeconomic characteristic statistically impacting household acceptance of these four activities. Store manager perceptions of their customers' reactions to these procedures were statistically less favorable than those of the households.     

Negotiating in Latin America

Abstract

The emerging role of Latin America in the global marketplace suggests that understanding and managing cross-cultural negotiations will become increasingly important between Latin America and the rest of the world, including and especially the United States and Canada. While North America and Latin America were colonized at about the same time, different historical development, economic conditions, and cultures influence their approaches to negotiation. This paper examines what we know about negotiating in Latin America, based on anecdotal and empirical evidence, and what aspects of negotiation behavior require further study and elucidation.

Resumen

La nueva y creciente posición de América Latina en los mercados globales hará que el entendimiento y la administración de los procesos de negotiatíon inter-culturales entre América Latina y el resto del mundo, con especial énfasis en Estados Unidos y Canadá, adquiera mucha mayor importancia. Norte y Latino América fueron colonizadas en épocas aproximadamente similares, sin embargo, los procesos requeridos para negociar con cada uno de ellos han sido influenciados por diferentes desarrollos históricos, condiciones económicas y aspectos culturales. Este artículo examina a través de evidencia anecdótica y empírica los aspectos de negociaión en América Latina ya conocidos y aquellos que requieren investigación adicional.

Resumo

O papel emergente da América Latina no mercado global sugere que o entendimento e a gerêntia de negociações inter-culturais se tornará cada vez mais importante entre a América Latina e o resto do mundo, destacando-se os Estados Unidos e o Canadá. Apesar de a América do Norte e a América Latino terem sido colonizados em torno da mesma época, diferentes desenvolvimentos históricos, condições econômicas e culturas influenciaram a sua forma de negociar. Esse artigo examina o que nós sabemos a respeito de negocição na América Latina, baseado em evidências casuals ou empíricas, e que aspectos do comportamento de negociação requerem estudos mais aprofundados ou maior elucidação.     

International Production Sharing Opportunities in Mexico and the Caribbean

Abstract

In an effort to take advantage of access to valuable resources and increased market presence, many U.S. manufacturers have pursued production sharing relationships in a variety of overseas locations. These efforts are seen as methods of combating several threats to firm performance: increased domestic production costs, escalating international manufacturing competition, and ever changing barriers to entry regulations. From the perspective of an integrated North American competitive strategy, two geographic areas-Mexico and the Caribbean Basin-have received much attention as potential operating locations. Using a survey of corporate managers responsible for strategic business unit operations, this study investigates and compares the manufacturing and logistics performance of U.S. manufacturers operating in Mexico and the Caribbean. Relationships between logistics performance, manufacturing performance, and firm performance are examined and managerial implications are discussed.     

An analysis of the predictors of software piracy within Latin America

Corruption has become an increasingly salient issue in recent years due to the increasing pressure placed on top management teams of multinational firms to maintain high moral standards in all facets of their operations. The level and scope of corruption in a particular country is worthy of consideration as companies seek potential export markets and global partners. While macro-level academic research related to causes of corruption has burgeoned in the past decade, there is a lack of depth and breadth with respect to corruption research in Latin America. The current study analyzes patterns of software piracy (a notorious type of corruption) for 20 Latin American nations. Results indicate that economic growth, foreign direct investment, Internet usage, and development assistance relate to software piracy rates in Latin America.     

Components of Foreign Direct Investment Flows

Abstract

Foreign direct investment (FDI) flows constitute an important element of both regional and global integration. FDI data are often appraised as if they consist exclusively of new equity flows, when in fact they also include reinvested earnings as well as short-term and long-term intra-company debt flows. This paper examines these “components” of inward FDI flows in the balance-of-payments of Latin American countries, and compares them with inward and outward FDI flows for OECD countries, including the United States. The paper examines whether the component flows for individual countries are substitutes or complements for each other, or whether they are independent of one another; the results indicate that the component flows often are independent of each other. Therefore, differences in alternative FDI theories can be partially resolved by more explicit recognition of differences in the determinants and consequences of the components of FDI. Such differences, furthermore, have a variety of implications for government policymakers as well as corporate decision-makers.

Resumen

Los flujos de Inversión Directa Extranjera (IDE) constituyen un elemento impotante de la inegración regional y global. La información sobre IDE con frecuencia es considerada como si solo estuviera compuesta de flujos de capital cuando en realidad también incluye otros componentes como la relnversión de la ganancias y los flujos a corto y largo plazo de deuda entre compañias. Este artículo examina estos componentes de flujos de IDE en la balanza de pagos de paises latinoamericanos y los compara con los flujos hacia adentro y afuera de IDE en paises miembros de la OECD, incluyendo a los Estados Unidos. En particluar, se estudia si los flujos de estos componentes son substitutos o complementarios, ó si son independientes entre si. Como consecuencia de lo sugerido en este artículo, se propone que las diferencias en las teorías alternativas de IDE pueden ser parcialmente resueltas a través de un reconocimiento mas explícito de las diferencias en los determinantes y las consecuencias de los diversos componentes de la IDE. Adicionalmente, se muestra que estas diferencias tienen una variedad de implicaciones en los tomardores de decisiones involucrados en la definitión de política tanto pública como corporativa.

Resumo

Os fluxos de investimento estrangeiro direto (IED) constituem um elemento importante de integração regional e global. Os dados sobre IED são freqüentemente avaliados como se consistissem apenas de norvos investimentos no patrimônio líquido, quando de fato eles também incluem o reinvestimento de lucros como também fluxos creditícios de curto e longo prazo internos à companhia. Esse trabalho examina esses “componentes” dos fluxos de entrada do IED sobre o balanço de pagamentos de países latino americanos e os compra com o fluxos de entrada e saída de IED para os países da OCDE, incluindo os Estados Unidos. O artigo examina se os componentes dos fluxos para países individuais são substitutes ou complementos ou es eles são independentes entre si. Os resultados indicam que os componentes dos fluxos são freqüentemente independentes entre si. Portanto, diferenças entre teorias alternativas sobre o IED podem ser parcialmente resolvidas pelo reconhecimento mais explícito das diferenças nos deteminantes e nas conseqüencias dos componentes do IED. Além do que, estas diferenças apresentam uma variedade de implicações para a política governamental como também para a tomada de decisão corporativa.     

International Stock Market Linkages and Spillovers: Evidence from Three Latin American Countries

ABSTRACT

Using a multivariate exponential generalized autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic (M-EGARCH) model, this study examines price and volatility spillovers and response asymmetries between the equity markets of the United States and Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Our results vary depending on the openness of the country in terms of international trade. Evidence indicates that there are price and volatility spillovers from the United States to Mexico and Chile and but not to Brazil. In addition, our results indicate response asymmetries for Mexico and Chile, suggesting that the Mexican and Chilean markets are more sensitive to negative innovations originating from other markets than to positive innovations.

RESUMEN. Este estudio examina contagios de precio y volatilidad, y respuestas asimétricas entre los mercados de capital de Estados Unidos y Brasil, Chile y México, fundándose en un modelo exponencial generalizado multivariado, con un condicionante autoregresivo heteroscedástico (M-EGARCH). Los resultados obtenidos varían, dependiente del nivel de apertura de un país en lo que concierne al comercio internacional. Las pruebas indican que existen contagios de precio y volatilidades desde los Estados Unidos hacia México y Chile, pero no hacia Brasil. Además, los resultados también indican asimetrías de respuesta para México y Chile, sugiriendo que estos dos mercados son más sensibles a las innovaciones negativas que se originan en otros mercados, que a las innovaciones positivas.

RESUMO. Usando um modelo condicionalmente heterocedástico, autoregressivo, generalizado, exponencial e multivariado (M-EGARCH), este estudo examina contágios de preços e volatilidade, e assimetrias de resposta entre mercados de ações dos EUA e Brasil, Chile e México. Nossos resultados variam, dependendo da abertura do país em termos de comércio internacional. Os dados indicam que existem contágiosde preço e volatilidade dos EUA para o México e Chile, mas não para o Brasil. Além disso, nossos resultados indicam assimetrias de resposta para o México e Chile, sugerindo que estes mercados são mais sensíveis a inovações negativas originárias de outros mercados do que a inovações positivas.     

Determinants of cross-border M&As in Latin America

This article analyzes the determinants of cross-border M&As in the Latin American region during the period 1998-2004. Using a unique dataset of 868 Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) events, the study focuses attention on the effect of macroeconomic and investor protection conditions in the countries where the companies reside over the likelihood of these companies participating in a cross-border M&A transaction. The study considers the effect of company-specific variables in the likelihood of going cross-border. Univariate analysis and logistic regressions strongly support the idea that better economic and business-friendly conditions in the countries where the target operates, increase the likelihood of cross-border merger. Results show that not only is the business environment in the target country important but also in the bidder country. Lower levels of property rights protection in the acquirer country negatively affect the likelihood of a cross-border deal. Finally, the likelihood of a cross-border merger increases when the target faces higher cost of funding than the acquirer's.     

Economic integration across Latin America: Evidence from labour markets, 1990–2013

Combining macroeconomic and microeconomic data and three indicators of international market integration, this paper assesses the degree to which Latin American labour markets are integrated. The results suggest that relative to East Asia, Latin American labour markets are somewhat more integrated, but considerable differences across countries persist. In addition, the evidence indicates that the degree of labour market integration across Latin American borders is significantly less than that of labour markets within the United States in two of the three indicators. These differences may suggest opportunities for efficiency gains from further labour market integration.     

Uncertainty reduction mechanisms in cross-sector alliances in Latin America

The present study explores three uncertainty reduction mechanisms that arise in the context of business alliance formation to assess whether these same mechanisms also operate in the development of alliances between non-profits and businesses. Secondary data from field-based case studies of Latin American cross-sector alliances are the focus of this analysis. The findings show that the same mechanisms operate to reduce uncertainty in cross-sector alliance formation and that alliance experience appears to determine the presence of some mechanisms.     

拉丁美洲农业利用外国直接投资的实践及启示

拉美农业利用外国直接投资(FDI)的实践表明,外国直接投资在促进拉美农业发展的同时,也给拉美农业带来了诸如被跨国公司支配、转移不适宜技术、造成单一的农业生产结构、环境破坏和劳动力失业等一系列社会经济问题.文章针对拉美农业利用外国直接投资的教训,提出我国农业利用外国直接投资必须遵循的原则.     

Entrepreneurship and competitiveness dynamics in Latin America

This study analyses the relationship between entrepreneurial dynamics and the level of competitiveness in Latin American countries. Based on a stage of economic development model, we demonstrate that Latin American countries under the model followed different paths related to competitiveness. These different paths can explain the effect of specific competitiveness conditions on entrepreneurial dynamics in Latin America.

The Taxman Cometh … and No One Is Home: The Culture of “Personalismo” and Its Effects on Tax Compliance in Latin America

ABSTRACT

A major issue facing Latin America today is the inability of governments to collect taxes. These governments seek to provide services and to prepare their economies to enter the global marketplace, yet are stymied in part by the lack of resources available from their own people. Citizens in Latin America have never demonstrated the level of tax compliance seen in the U.S. Sociological studies and mathematical models attempt to correlate with noncompliance factors such as the perception of inequity and the perception of government corruption with noncompliance. Cultural factors, though, are usually not mentioned. Latin culture places great value on personal relationships and citizens are more likely to place trust in an individual than an institution. This may further explain the reluctance of Latin American citizens to comply with tax laws. Acknowledgement of cultural influences on tax compliance would assist governments in devising plans to improve compliance instead of relying solely on penalties.

RESUMEN. El mayor problema que enfrenta Latinoamérica en la actualidad, es la falta de habilidad por parte de los gobiernos de recaudar impuestos. Estos gobiernos buscan suministrar servicios y preparar sus economías para entrar en la plaza de mercado global, pero se ven impedidos en parte de hacerlo por la falta de recursos disponibles de sus propios ciudadanos. Los ciudadanos en América Latina nunca demostraron el mismo nivel de cumplimiento con el pago tributario que se observa en los estudios Sociológicos de los Estados Unidos, y los modelos matemáticos tratan de correlacionar con esta falta de cumplimiento factores tales como la percepción de la inequidad y la percepción de la corrupción gubernamental con la falta de cumplimiento. Sin embargo, generalmente no se mencionan los factores culturales. La cultura latina da gran importancia a las relaciones personales y es bien más probable que los ciudadanos confíen en un individuo que en una institución. Esto puede ser también la explicación de la reticencia que los ciudadanos latinoamericanos sienten respecto a cumplir las leyes impositivas. El reconocimiento de las influencias culturales sobre el cumplimiento tributario podría asistir a los gobiernos a elaborar planes que mejorasen la aceptación y concordancia en vez de depender únicamente de sanciones.

RESUMO. Um assunto importante na América Latina hoje é a incapacidade dos governos para coletar impostos. Tais governos buscam prover serviços e preparar as suas economias para entrar no mercado internacional, mas são prejudicados, em parte, pela falta de recursos disponíveis do seu próprio povo. Os cidadãos da América Latina nunca demonstraram o nível de obediência fiscal verificado nos estudos sociológicos norte-americanos, e os modelos matemáticos tentam relacionar os fatores de desobediência fiscal, tais como a percepção de injustiça e de corrupção do governo, com a desobediência. Entretanto, os fatores culturais, normalmente, não são mencionados. A cultura latina atribui grande valor às relaç[otilde]es pessoais, e os cidadãos estão mais propensos a confiar em um indivíduo do que em uma instituição. Isto pode explicar a relutância dos cidadãos latino-americanos em obedecer às leis fiscais. O reconhecimento de influências culturais em relação à obediência fiscal ajudaria os governos a criarem planos para melhorar a obediência, em vez de confiar unicamente nas penalidades.     

Latin American firms competing in the global economy

As part of a cooperative effort between the Journal of Business Research (JBR) and the Business Association of Latin American Studies (BALAS), this special issue brings updated research on the Latin American business environment. Out of 226 papers submitted to the BALAS 2012 conference, which was hosted by the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), 22 were pre-selected to run for publication in this special issue — and only 14 actually were accepted after the demanding three rounds of a double blind review process that was run after the conference. This introduction to the special issue of the JBR on the BALAS 2012 conference brings an overview of the changes that have taken place in the business environment of Latin America, the evolution of the internationalization behavior of Latin American firms and the changes in their strengths to compete both domestically and abroad.     

Unilever's Latin American Strategy in Yellow Fats,Ice Cream and Teas

Abstract

The article investigates the interplay between the changes in the large corporate strategy of a multinational and changes in the business environment in Latin America. In its international expansion, Unilever has traditionally used a decentralized national responsive strategy where local subsidiaries develop their markets with a great degree of autonomy. In response to globalization, Unilever moved towards greater business coordination and a more focused approach in the nineties. The article examines the impact of this reorganization on the firm's regional strategy in Latin America. We examine the firm's strategy in three food categories: fat oils, ice cream and tea-based products. We conclude that Unilever continues to use a strategy of national responsiveness with no attempt to coordinate its experiences across the region.