The effects of transformational leadership,competitive intensity and technological innovation on performance

This study aims to determine the three-way interaction effects of transformational leadership, technological innovation (i.e. product and process innovation) and competitive intensity on firm performance by detecting three-way interactions involving slope differences in moderated multiple regression. Based on a sample of 182 manufacturing enterprises in China, this paper finds that firms under transformational leadership are more likely to conduct process innovation, that the joint effect of the interaction between process innovation and competitive intensity is negatively related to firm performance and that the joint effect of the interaction between transformational leadership and competitive intensity is positively related to firm performance. Accordingly, this paper concludes that a firm should conduct more process innovation in a moderately competitive environment, but it should conduct less process innovation in a fiercely competitive environment, where in stronger transformational leadership should be adopted.     

中国企业国际化多样性与创新绩效

国际化多样性作为一种成长战略，是企业国际化进程中的重要决策，然而当前关于企业国际化多样性对创新的影响机制研究尚为缺乏。以沪深两市A股上市公司为研究样本，实证检验了国际化多样性对企业创新绩效的影响，并在此基础上分析了企业国有股权比例、东道国制度水平对国际化多样性与企业创新绩效关系的调节作用。结果表明，国际化多样性对企业创新绩效有显著正向效应，东道国制度发展水平对两者关系具有正向调节作用；国有股权对两者关系的调节作用不显著。该结论丰富了以中国为代表的新兴经济体国际化研究成果，为国际化多样性对企业创新绩效的积极作用提供了新证据。     

创新与出口间因果关系分析——基于中国高技术产业企业数据的实证研究

使用1999—2009年我国18万家规模以上高技术产业微观企业数据,采用倾向得分匹配方法控制内生性问题,分析了企业创新与出口之间的因果关系。以产品创新衡量企业创新的估计结果表明,企业创新与出口间存在明显的因果关系:企业创新使其出口概率平均增加14%以上,企业出口使企业创新概率平均提升超过8%,从创新到出口、从出口到创新的因果关系方向均显著。区分出口强度和企业类型的估计结果显示:这种因果关系随着出口强度的增大而减弱;内资企业的创新对其出口的影响要大于外资企业;外资企业的出口对其创新的影响要大于内资企业。以研发衡量企业创新后也得到了类似结果。     

Firm-level Innovation Models: Perspectives on Research in Developed and Developing Countries

This paper provides a critical review of firm-level innovation models based on research in the industrially advanced countries (IACs) and draws implications for firms in industrialising countries such as Korea and Taiwan. The paper summarises different categories of innovation model and identifies their achievements and weaknesses, showing how a few researchers have successfully linked IAC models to innovation processes found within the more advanced developing nations such as Korea. One of the chief contributions of IAC models is that many of them go substantially into the management of innovation and the decision-making processes within the firm. However, in general, there is a lack of empirical evidence to verify existing models, weak theoretical underpinnings and, in some cases, a failure to sufficiently recognise the diversity and unpredictability of innovation processes. The paper suggests how best to use innovation models and how to overcome some of the difficulties in future research.     

Firm-level Innovation Models: Perspectives on Research in Developed and Developing Countries

This paper provides a critical review of firm-level innovation models based on research in the industrially advanced countries (IACs) and draws implications for firms in industrialising countries such as Korea and Taiwan. The paper summarises different categories of innovation model and identifies their achievements and weaknesses, showing how a few researchers have successfully linked IAC models to innovation processes found within the more advanced developing nations such as Korea. One of the chief contributions of IAC models is that many of them go substantially into the management of innovation and the decision-making processes within the firm. However, in general, there is a lack of empirical evidence to verify existing models, weak theoretical underpinnings and, in some cases, a failure to sufficiently recognise the diversity and unpredictability of innovation processes. The paper suggests how best to use innovation models and how to overcome some of the difficulties in future research.     

Industry diversity and its impact on the innovation performance of firms

This paper investigates empirically the impact of diversity on the innovation performance of a firm. We created a measure for diversity that mirrors differences in the resource base of firms within an industry and tested its impact in addition to more traditional factors such as technology-push, demand-pull, and firm-size, based on panel data stemming from three representative cross sectional surveys carried out in the years 1996, 1999, and 2002, respectively. In fact, diversity has a significant positive impact on the innovation intensity of firms and thus supports more theoretical findings in this area. We also find empirical evidence for the technology push and the demand pull hypotheses, as well as the importance of competition for innovation.     

The effect of minimum wage on firm markup: Evidence from China

Our paper examines the impact of minimum wage on firm markup in China. We find that minimum wage generates a positive effect on firm markup. More value-enhancing innovative activities, TFP improvement, and efficient labor resource allocation are the potential channels. Further, the positive influence of minimum wage is more pronounced for privately-owned firms, for firms with higher labor intensity and firms with less financial constraints. Besides, these findings are generally robust to different estimation methods. Our results provide new insights into understanding the channels through which labor regulation may cause the change of markup for the emerging markets countries.     

Directors’ and officers’ liability insurance and firm innovation

In this paper, we investigate the impact of directors’ and officers’ insurance (D&O insurance) on firm innovation in China. We find that D&O insurance is significantly positively associated with firm innovation, which indicates that D&O insurance enhances managers’ tolerance for failure. To address endogeneity concerns, we adopt the propensity score matching method and difference-in-differences approach. We find that firms with D&O insurance have a stronger risk bearing capacity. Further analyses show that the impact of D&O insurance on firm innovation is more pronounced in firms with a better legal environment, male executives, and stronger external supervision.     

Measuring and Explaining Innovative Capability: Evidence from Southeast Asia

What causes firm‐level product innovation in developing economies? This paper answers this question by emphasizing the role of process improvements that are influential in product innovation. We construct a firm‐level innovative capability score using novel, broad‐based, but detailed data on various process improvement practices obtained from firms in Southeast Asia. We then investigate the factors that may affect innovative capability. We also estimate the effect of the innovative capability score on product innovation controlling for research and development intensity and other firm characteristics. Our empirical investigation identifies a chief executive officer (CEO)'s past experience at a foreign or large firm, and buyer pressure to adopt international standards as key determinants of innovative capability. Novel and unique findings from our examination include: (i) the impact of a CEO's past experience at a foreign or large firm on the innovative capability is larger for local enterprises and small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises; (ii) the impact of share of foreign workers in the upper managerial levels only appears to be significant in foreign firms and larger firms; and (iii) buyer pressure is a more likely contributor to innovative capability compared with capital tie‐ups with multinational enterprises or joint venture buyers that capture vertical technology transfers. Finally, our empirical results show that a firm in Southeast Asia is more likely to achieve product innovation if the firm has had a higher innovative capability.     

总经理继任对创新可持续性的影响

创新活动具有较高调整成本,因而保证创新可持续性对中国企业发展意义重大。以2006-2014年A股制造业上市公司为样本,分析了总经理继任对创新可持续性的影响,并考虑了产品市场竞争和期望绩效反馈的情境效应。实证结果显示：总经理继任对创新可持续性具有负向影响;产品市场竞争越激烈,总经理继任对创新可持续性的负向作用越强;当企业实际绩效低于期望绩效时,产品市场竞争的负向调节作用更为显著;然而,在实际绩效高于期望绩效的情况下,产品市场竞争的负向调节作用被减弱。     

Patent assertion entities: do they impede innovation and technology commercialisation?

This article focuses on addressing a primary charge levelled against patent assertion entities (PAEs): that they impede innovation and technology commercialisation activities of US firms. The paper utilises an intellectual property (IP) strategy framework within the construct of a firm business model to delineate PAE typologies, and then evaluates how they ‘fit’ with either a framework for the protection of IP assets or the exploitation of IP assets. The PAE business model operates under neither an IP asset protection nor IP asset exploitation strategy, but its own IP monetisation strategy. Moreover, a review of recent research on the proliferation and economic impact of PAEs is undertaken, with the overwhelming empirical evidence showing that PAEs are having an adverse impact on innovation and technology commercialisation activities of US firms. Potential patent policy reforms and emerging marketplace options are identified for enhancing a business environment conducive to successful technology innovation and commercialisation.     

Efficiency and effectiveness between open and closed innovation: empirical evidence in South Korean manufacturers

This study addresses two main questions. First, what is the best measurement of innovation performance? Second, is there a significant difference in the performance between open and closed innovation firms? We discuss new measures (‘efficiency’ and ‘effectiveness’) and investigate any differences between open innovation and closed innovation firms by using indicators. The impact of open innovation on firm performance has been examined in existing studies. Most papers, however, employ simple indicators such as patents and financial data. This paper verifies the relationship between open innovation and performance in the Korean manufacturing industry using a new approach. The results show that both efficiency and effectiveness were statistically higher among open innovation firms than among their closed counterparts. It may thus be concluded that the acquisition of outside technology or knowledge has a positive impact on firm performance.     

外部知识获取影响企业创新绩效的作用机理

从外部知识需要通过企业内部实践才能加以利用这一思路出发,基于中国489家大中型企业的调查数据,运用SPSS21.0软件实证探讨了内部沟通和创新激励对外部知识向创新绩效转化的影响机理。层级回归结果显示:外部知识获取对企业创新绩效的提升具有显著作用,内部沟通和创新激励在上述关系中起部分中介作用。     

高等学校在创新搜索中重要程度的影响因素——研发强度、创新开放程度与自主创新意愿

选取"2008年中国创新调查问卷"中基于科学的创新企业作为研究样本,探讨研发强度、创新开放程度与自主创新意愿3个企业特性对高等学校在创新搜索中重要性的影响。研究发现:高等学校对于创新开放程度较高的企业具有更高的重要性,而企业研发强度并不会显著影响高等学校的重要性;企业的自主创新意愿对创新开放程度与高等学校重要性的关系具有正向调节作用。最后提出:在基于科学的创新产业中,既自主又开放的企业更重视高等学校在创新搜索中的作用。     

家族企业管理层行为对企业创新绩效的影响——长期导向的中介效应与组织惯例的调节作用

家族企业在世界经济中扮演着重要角色,备受国内外学者关注。通过研究家族参与管理和CEO长期任职与企业创新绩效之间的关系,探讨了长期导向的中介效应与组织惯例的调节作用。基于浙皖家族企业样本实证分析,得出以下结论:家族参与管理和企业创新绩效之间存在倒“U”型关系;家族企业CEO长期任职对长期导向的形成有积极正向影响;长期导向在CEO长期任职与家族企业创新绩效间起中介作用;组织惯例正向调节家族参与管理对创新绩效的影响,正向调节长期导向对创新绩效的影响。通过探究管理层行为对企业创新绩效的影响,丰富了国内家族企业研究成果,也为家族企业响应不断变化的外部环境、实现可持续创新发展提供了有益启示。     

收入分布、破坏性创新与社会福利

通过构建破坏性创新企业与在位企业进行市场竞争的双寡头博弈模型,分析在具有不同收入分布特征市场中破坏性创新企业的市场绩效及社会福利。研究发现,在收入差距较大的市场中,破坏性创新企业获得更大的市场份额和利润,社会福利相对较小;相反,在收入水平较高且分布趋向同质的市场中,在位企业获得更大的市场份额和利润,并且,破坏性创新厂商的利润随着收入水平的提高而降低。同时,随着收入水平的提高,两企业的产品质量不断提高,但质量差距不断扩大,社会总福利也随之增加。最后,进一步阐释了破坏性创新更多地发生于贫富差距较大的新兴市场的微观机制,为企业根据不同市场的收入分布特征选择竞争战略提供理论依据,为相关国家基于收入分布特点制定限制或支持破坏性创新创业政策提供理论参考。     

Catch-up strategy of latecomer firms in Asia: a case study of innovation ambidexterity in PC industry

ABSTRACT

Over the last decade, more and more East Asian firms have moved beyond imitation and are delivering innovative products and services to the market. This study examines (a) how a latecomer firm in East Asia transformed its business model in pursuit of manufacturing its own brand and (b) how it managed its exploration and exploitation of the market and technology in response to growth and competition. Given the lack of research on firms transitioning from contract manufacturing (CM) to own-brand manufacturing (OBM), this study offers fresh insights into how Acer, a leading Taiwanese original equipment manufacturer (OEM), has pursued new ways of creating value using an innovation ambidexterity strategy to maximise its customer value and boost performance.

Acer is chosen for this case study because of its significance and impact in the global PC industry. Data were collected through interviews and secondary data analysis. Our findings show that innovation ambidexterity is a deliberate transition process, taking firms years to reshape their business models. Our findings also present a viable solution to sustainable competitive advantage and keys to firms’ renewal in face of environmental change. This study contributes to the innovation management literature, and the use of the innovation ambidexterity framework examines how firms explore new ways of creating and capturing value and face challenges.     

内向型开放式创新、国际化、投机性学习与创新绩效的关系

组织学习过程中的投机性行为影响着企业创新绩效。运用组织学习与创新理论,从开放式创新视角阐述了国际化企业投机性学习影响创新绩效的过程机理。研究发现,高新技术企业的内向型创新模式能够提高创新绩效,但国际化程度负向调节它们之间的关系;同时,投机性学习行为削弱了内向型与创新绩效之间的正向关系,即投机性学习不利于提高内向型开放式创新绩效。研究结论对于新兴企业的开放式创新与国际化具有理论和实践意义。     

Knowledge integration methods,product innovation and high-tech new venture performance in China

Combining insights from knowledge-based theory (KBT) and the product innovation literature, this paper explores whether and how knowledge integration methods contribute to high-tech new venture performance in China’s emerging economy. Using data from 295 entrepreneurs and top executives in Chinese high-tech new ventures, we find that both the coordinated integration of knowledge and systemic integration of knowledge have positive effects on high-tech new venture performance and product innovation. Competitive intensity moderates the impact of knowledge integration methods on product innovation. Moreover, product innovation is a mediator in the relationship between knowledge integration methods and high-tech new venture performance. Our findings have important theoretical and practical implications.     

技术联盟企业间联合行动对企业创新绩效的影响

基于社会认同理论类化-认同-比较分析框架，将技术联盟中的企业联合行动、关系认同和知识多样性引入企业创新绩效反应机制，构建联合行动、关系认同和知识多样性三因素交互调节模型，探讨企业创新绩效生成机制。运用428份水环境治理企业调研数据进行实证分析，结果表明：联合行动正向影响企业创新绩效；关系认同正向调节联合行动对企业创新绩效的影响；企业间知识多样性正向调节关系认同在联合行动共同问题解决与企业创新绩效间的调节效应，即在企业间高知识多样性下，提高关系认同可以强化共同问题解决与企业创新绩效之间的关系；而企业间知识多样性对关系认同在联合行动共同认知与企业创新绩效间的调节作用不显著。