我国非上市大学衍生企业治理结构与企业绩效间关系的实证分析——基于全国样本

利用通过问卷调研收集的2007—2009年我国非上市大学衍生企业的运营绩效以及治理结构的相关指标数据,对我国非上市大学衍生企业的治理结构与企业绩效间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果显示:非上市大学衍生企业的资本结构多元化有利于企业绩效的提升;母体大学"一股独大"的行政型治理模式不利于大学衍生企业绩效的提升;学者在改善大学衍生企业的经营绩效方面发挥着重要作用,其资金投入和时间投入对企业绩效的作用方向相反。     

高校R&D与区域经济增长关系的实证研究

本文通过因子分析构造经济增长的复合指标,并利用2005—2006年我国31个省市高校R&D的相关数据进行回归分析和聚类分析。研究结果显示:高校R&D的专利授权对地区经济增长具有显著的促进作用,而研发的经费投入和人员投入对经济的推动作用不明显;高校的基础研究对地区经济发展至关重要;高校R&D的投入与产出不成正比,不同地区的高校R&D的经济效益差异较大,处于非均衡状态。因此,本文强调应在政策层面上重视基础研究,促进校企科研合作,提高研发经费的使用效率和研究人员的工作效率,加强区域协调,实现高校R&D与区域经济增长的和谐共进。     

The allocation of PhD enrolment quotas in China’s research-oriented universities based on equity and efficiency principles

PhD enrolment quota allocation proves the key concern for China’s universities to promote institutional reform and improve research level, and it is often characterized by the zero sum game among schools within a university. Therefore, this article develops a new indicator system for PhD enrolment quota allocation and efficiency evaluation in China, and then it reallocates the quotas considering the preferences of decision-makers and the efficiency based on the historical data during 2011–2015 in a research-oriented university in China. The results indicate that, first, the preferences of decision-makers in the university for article publications and research funds may significantly affect the allocation of PhD enrolment quotas among schools. Second, when the linear combination weighting method is used, the overall efficiency for PhD enrolment allocation proves the highest, among various weighting methods concerned. Finally, to improve the overall efficiency of the 19 schools, five social science schools and four engineering schools have to cut their PhD enrolment quotas; among them, three engineering schools should reduce the largest redundant quotas sharply. The methods and results in this article are conducive to the allocation of education resources which have the zero sum feature and are often accompanied with undesirable outputs.     

动态战略适应视角下的大学战略管理

为应对前所未有的机遇和挑战,战略管理成为中国大学发展的必然选择。如何成功地实施战略管理亟需关注。本文从动态战略适应的视角来寻找大学战略成功的本质——战略的动态适应性,即环境适应、资源适应和组织适应,并结合国内外大学战略管理的成功经验,详细分析了实现大学战略适应的途径。     

Power and publications in Chinese academia

In power-oriented societies, academia may not be immune to the influence of power. This paper studies the power-publication link by applying an event-study strategy to a panel dataset of the publication and biographical information of deans of economics schools in Chinese universities. We find that (i) deanship increases an individual's publication by 0.7 articles per year; (ii) the increased publications stem from work coauthored with other researchers within the same university; (iii) the topics of the increased publications are more likely to deviate from the deans’ research area prior to becoming deans; and (iv) the power effect is smaller for top universities and leading journals, and for scholars with more pre-dean publications. These patterns appear consistent with the role of power in resource allocation rather than the impact of ability or reputation of the deans and thus have implications on distortions in knowledge production.     

University-level mechanisms supporting the creation of new companies: an analysis of Italian academic spin-offs

In this paper we address the role of university policies in the creation of academic spin-offs. We focus on university technology transfer units (UTTUs) in Italy and on the mechanisms they have implemented to support academic entrepreneurship. We gathered data relating to their strategies for technology transfer and to the mechanisms they had implemented to support new venture creation. Results show that the number of people dedicated to technology transfer activities, strong relationships that UTTUs have with external organisations involved in technology transfer activities, and finally support services provided by universities and UTTUs have a significant influence in fostering the generation of new ventures.     

国外大学衍生企业研究述评与展望

本文梳理了国外大学衍生企业研究的最新成果,包括大学衍生企业的兴起动因、内涵、成立过程、成长的关键要素及社会影响等问题,并在此基础了提出了未来应着重研究的具体芳向。     

试论联合国大学与世界型学府的构建

全球化的加剧催生越来越多的知名高校走向国际化。以联合国大学为研究对象,在重点揭示联合国大学的决策、行政、学术管理机制的基础上,探讨了联合国大学属性,并较为全面地研究了联合国大学成立和运转的条件。从政治性上看,联合国大学属于国际组织;从经济性上看,联合国大学属于知识联盟;从学术性上看,联合国是一所大学或者研究机构;从社会性上看,联合国大学又是学术共同体。通过研究分析得出,一所真正的世界型大学必须具备5个特征:人力资源全球化;培养方式全球化;管理全球化;治学和教育理念全球化;决策权相对自主。期望所做的研究与分析为真正意义上的世界型学府构建提供理论支持和依据。     

高校图书馆信息服务创新探讨

针对中国高校图书馆提供的信息服务存在的问题进行分析探讨,分析网络环境下高校图书馆服务创新的意义,探讨网络环境下高校图书馆信息服务工作创新应采取的措施和指导思路。     

DISAGGREGATING FIRMS IN ANALYSING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF THE UNIVERSITY–INDUSTRY RELATIONSHIP: BASED ON AN ANALYTICAL AND EMPIRICAL STUDY FROM SCOTLAND

It has been acknowledged that universities are key institutions in national and regional systems of innovation. This recognition has led to a rich stream of literature analysing the university–industry relationship. However, relatively little attention has been devoted to disaggregating the ‘industry’ side of this relationship and examining the costs and benefits to the disaggregated parties involved. In the present article, which draws on an analytical and empirical study from Scotland, it is suggested that it makes sense to distinguish between three kinds of firms in analysing the university–industry relationship: large national and international R&D-intensive firms, university spin-out firms, and established small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that have had little interaction with universities. The different costs and benefits facing these firms in their interactions with universities are analysed. It is concluded that the established SMEs confront relatively high costs in relating to universities. Finally, the policy implications are explored.     

关于新疆少数民族大学生就业、创业问题的调查与思考

近年来全国整体就业形势不容乐观,而新疆少数民族大学生就业面临更为严峻的形势。新疆少数民族大学生就业观念有所改变,有较强的创业意识和积极的心态,但在就业、创业过程中还存在优势不突出、综合素质和创业能力有待提高、创业环境有待优化等问题。因此,政府等部门应更加重视少数民族大学生的就业和创业,为其提供良好的环境;高校也应在专业设置上突出优势,并积极联合企业进行创业教育。更为重要的是,少数民族大学生也应不断转变观念,努力提高自身素质和综合能力,为创业和就业打下坚实的基础。     

论高等教育人才培养创新——以农林高校为例

高等教育的人才培养必须创新。在招生、就业等方面农林高校仍然面临着不利的社会环境;而高校自身同时存在着培养模式单一、专业结构设置不尽合理等薄弱环节。因此,农林高校的人才培养创新不仅需要创造良好的社会环境和国家的政策支持,其次,高校在人才培养模式上应多元化,并且在专业设置上要突出特色合理优化。     

大学知识溢出驱动的衍生企业创建:模式选择与作用机制

基于知识溢出型创业理论,从知识特性入手,研究了大学知识溢出驱动的两类衍生企业的创建模式及影响因素,提出"创业机会特性与企业创建模式匹配"的研究思路,并探索了母体大学、技术发明人、区域创业环境等驱动要素对衍生企业创建模式选择的调节效应。运用Logistic回归方法对322家衍生企业的调研数据进行了实证分析。结果表明:先进性高、隐含性高的知识更倾向于以大学衍生企业创建的方式实现其经济价值;母体大学的政策引导和区域创业环境有效调节知识特性对衍生企业创建模式选择的作用机制。     

关于推进大学文化建设的思考与建议

大学文化与经济社会发展有着内在的联系,全面认识大学在文化建设的角色,明确大学文化在经济社会建设中的作用,对于建设创新型国家和社会主义和谐社会有着重要意义。推进大学文化建设首先必须明确大学文化的内涵,必须明确社会需要什么样的大学文化,必须构建大学文化建设长效机制。     

Determinants of international university rankings scores

This article analyses the relationship between a university’s score in international university rankings, its expenditure per student and other factors such as university mission, size and productive inefficiency. We develop an economic model of rankings and universities and estimate this model with data on universities classified in the top 200 by the Times Higher Education Supplement ranking of 2007. We find that the elasticity of a university’s ranking score for the expenditure per student is between 4% and 9%, and that there are no clear signs of inefficiency in production among the top 200 universities. University mission and size are also significant predictors of ranking score. These results are especially interesting given the relevance attributed to rankings by government officials, university directors and students.     

Measuring Efficiency: A Comparison of Multilevel Modelling and Data Envelopment Analysis in the Context of Higher Education

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and multilevel modelling (MLM) are applied to a data set of 54,564 graduates from UK universities in 1993 to assess whether the choice of technique affects the measurement of universities’ performance. A methodology developed by Thanassoulis and Portela (2002; Education Economics, 10(2), pp. 183–207) allows each individual's DEA efficiency score to be decomposed into two components: one attributable to the university at which the student studied and the other attributable to the individual student. From the former component, a measure of each institution's teaching efficiency is derived and compared to the university effects from various multilevel models. The comparisons are made within four broad subjects: pure science, applied science, social science and arts. The results show that the rankings of universities derived from the DEA efficiencies which measure the universities’ own performance (i.e., having excluded the efforts of the individuals) are not strongly correlated with the university rankings derived from the university effects of the multilevel models. The data were also used to perform a university‐level DEA. The university efficiency scores derived from these DEAs are largely unrelated to the scores from the individual‐level DEAs, confirming a result from a smaller data set (Johnes, 2006a; European Journal of Operational Research, forthcoming). However, the university‐level DEAs provide efficiency scores which are generally strongly related to the university effects of the multilevel models.     

The determinants of academic patenting by Italian universities

This work investigates the determinants of patenting at Italian universities. We test the effect of public and external funds, in terms of commercial activity by universities, towards the propensity of universities to file patents at the European Patent Office. We then estimate the effect of several variables referring to the contextual characteristics of both university and localisation. The results suggest that, while in the southern regions of Italy commercial income bears a negative effect on the patenting activity of universities, in the other regions we register an important positive effect. We moreover find that the adoption of internal university regulations relating to patenting and the fact of being embedded in an innovative region are factors that exert a positive influence on the university rate of application for patents.     

B2C—bubble to cluster: the dot-com boom, spin-off entrepreneurship, and regional agglomeration

This article studies entrepreneurial activities emerging out of one of Germany’s most prominent dot-com firms, Intershop, a maker of e-commerce software. We show that Intershop spawned about 40 new ventures. Most spin-offs entered locally, giving rise to a small but growing software cluster and counteracting the job losses that accompanied the parent firm’s drastic downsizing after 2000. We trace the knowledge transfer from Intershop to the spin-offs and relate it to recent theorizing on the spin-off process as well as spin-off-based cluster formation. The Intershop case suggests that temporarily successful dot-coms could exert lasting effects on regional development.     

The moderation effect of workplace experience on innovation motivation: a study of STEM faculty in Singapore

While the topic on drivers of innovation has been intensely studied, most of the literature tends to examine motivators at a point in time with the assumption that they are stable. However, shifts in social and environmental contexts may change motivators of behaviour. In light of the discrepancy, this study uses the person–environment fit theory and examines innovation-stimulating work climate from the perspective of workplace experience. With a sample of 276 faculty members in two major universities in Singapore, we test the moderating effect of workplace experience on three motivators – peer influence, performance evaluation and resource access, and found that with increased workplace experience, the effectiveness of these environmental motivators diminished. Resource access and co-worker influence become less salient with the exception of evaluation, which remains important. The implications for university administration and academic training programs are discussed.     

基于“三螺旋”理论的“创业型”大学建设

＂三螺旋＂模型是目前国际上研究大学—产业—政府关系的理论基础之一。在此理论基础指导下,世界各国纷纷改变高校的传统职能,开始建设＂创业型大学＂。＂创业型大学＂是一种集成的、全新的大学理念和战略。它在＂研究型＂大学的基础上重新定义和扩展了原有的教学职能、研究职能和服务职能,更加强调自身的自主创新能力、与国家和地区经济发展相结合的能力。依据＂三螺旋＂理论和国际上建设＂创业型＂大学的经验,我国高校建设＂创业型＂大学首先必须从观念和组织上进行改革。根据科研水平和创业层次都相对比较低且发展不平衡的现状,我国高校在建立＂创业型＂大学的过程中必须要更重视提高学术创新能力,构造大学创业的坚实基础。并且处于不同发展程度的高校——部分＂研究型＂大学和一般高校——都要合理找准自身定位,采取适合自己发展层次的创业措施。