National nanotechnology research prominence

A new bibliometric technique enables one to distinguish high emergence topical content. This technique can be applied to sets of research publication abstracts reflecting a given technical domain (here, nanotechnology) to score cutting edge research terms. The resulting high emergence terms warrant special consideration in setting R&D priorities. The researchers (individuals, organizations, or countries) whose publications address those emergent terms heavily deserve consideration as possible leaders in that technical domain. This paper studies nanotechnology research publications using the new emergence scoring in conjunction with established bibliometric publication and citation measures. Findings challenge U.S. superiority in cutting edge nanotechnology research. China shows strongest at addressing emergent nanotechnology topics, followed by the U.S., South Korea, India, and, surprisingly, Iran.     

Bibliometry and nanotechnology: A meta-analysis

As in other fields of science, bibliometry has become the primary method of gaging progress in nanotechnology. In the United States in the late 1990s, a period when policy makers were preparing the groundwork for what would become the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), bibliometry largely replaced expert interviews, then the standard method of assessing nanotechnology. However, such analyses of this sector have tended not to account for productivity. We hope to correct this oversight by integrating economic input and output measurements calculating academic publications divided by the number of researchers, and accounting for government investment in nanotechnology. When nanotechnology journal publication is measured in these ways, the U.S. is not the leader, as has been widely assumed. Rather, it lags behind Germany, the United Kingdom, and France.     

Assessing emerging technologies—Methodological challenges and the case of nanotechnologies

Technology Assessment reflecting on R&D and technological trends in the area of nanotechnology and its implications is confronted with the problem that most scientific endeavours of nanotechnology can be allocated to basic research while most of the technological visions related to nanotechnology are far (> 10 years) in the future. Since technology assessment has to integrate the socio-economic context of a technical product in order to be comprehensive, in the case of nanotechnology a preparing step is necessary which connects the ongoing basic research with the visions communicated either by the scientist themselves or by the media. In this paper we propose to adapt the well known tool ‘roadmapping’ to contribute to the solution of this problem. This poses new challenges for roadmapping methodology in terms of level of aggregation and timeframe.     

Nanotechnology as general-purpose technology: empirical evidence and implications

Developments in nanotechnology are poised to have a pervasive effect on various industries for years to come and nanotechnology management research is beginning to appear in peer-reviewed management journals. Much of the research on this early, emergent technology is focused on issues of definition and identification of technology type. In this study, we searched the US Patents and Trademarks Office database and used an expert validation methodology to develop a sample of the first 25 years (1980–2004) of nanotechnology patenting activity. We analysed this data for early evidence that nanotechnology is a general-purpose technology (GPT) – a transformative technology characterised by its pervasiveness, improvement over time, and pattern of diffusion. Our findings indicate that nanotechnology patenting activity has been growing in intensity and relative to overall patenting activity, and that it is pervasive across industry and technology sectors. Implications of nanotechnology as a GPT are discussed.     

Acquiring nanotechnology capabilities: role of mergers and acquisitions

Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) are an important but unstudied aspect of nanotechnology's evolution. This paper uses case review and bibliometric analysis to examine 20 M&As involving acquired firms in the nanotechnology domain. The guiding proposition is that acquired firms provide complementarities to the acquiring firms. Key measures given consideration include the nature of the post-acquisition organisation, whether the pre-acquisition geographic location is retained, the purpose of the acquisitions as indicated in news releases, and the extent of similarity in research publications and patents. Differences by the country of the acquiring firm and sub-industry are noted. Within the limitations of the case study approach, the results suggest that acquired firms in the nanotechnology domain provide complementary capabilities to their acquirers.     

Evolutionary trajectories of the nanotechnology research across worldwide economic players

The purpose of this paper is to analyse, by concentration measures and metrics of heterogeneity, the evolutionary trajectories of scientific output in nanotechnology research across worldwide economic players. The results show that the concentration in nanotechnology research has been reducing over time and space. In particular, the pattern of nanotechnology research has been spreading among different scientific domains and pathways, generating new technological paradigms mainly in chemistry, medicine and engineering research fields. This scientific analysis is important in order to explore the current knowledge growth and technological trajectories in nanotechnology research that may support future patterns of technological innovation.     

变革型领导国内研究综述

变革型领导理论产生于社会环境越来越趋于全球化、企业所面临的经营环境信息化与多元化时代背景下,世界的急速变化给管理者和领导者带来了极其严峻的挑战和考验,变革型领导理论突破性地把领导者和下属的角色相互联系起来,领导者通过自身的行为表率,对下属需求的关心来优化组织内的成员互动,试图在领导者与下属之间创造出一种能提高双方动力和品德水平的理论。该理论的提出使整个领导学界产生了一次大的革命,成为了近二十年学界和企业界共同关注的焦点。由于该理论产生于西方文化背景下,而中国的领导过程与西方的领导过程既有相似的方面,也有独特的一面。变革型领导理论自传入国内以来,国内研究者们从不同角度进行了广泛而深入的理论探索和相关的实证研究。本文从变革型领导的概念、结构、测量以及作用机制等方面对变革型领导的相关国内研究进行梳理,并提出未来研究的展望。     

Global nanotechnology research literature overview

Text mining was used to extract technical intelligence from the open source global nanotechnology and nanoscience research literature (SCI/SSCI databases). Identified were: (1) the nanotechnology/nanoscience research literature infrastructure (prolific authors, key journals/institutions/countries, most cited authors/journals/documents); (2) the technical structure (pervasive technical thrusts and their inter-relationships); (3) nanotechnology instruments and their relationships; (4) potential nanotechnology applications, (5) potential health impacts and applications; and (6) seminal nanotechnology literature. Our results are summarized in this paper.     

Crystallizing the nanotechnology debate

Much of the initial commentary on nanotechnology assumed, implicitly or explicitly, that nanotechnology represented a radical discontinuity from existing science and technology. The birth of the nanotechnology debate was marked by the differences of opinion as to whether the technology's outcomes would be positive or negative. The authors trace the journey from this polarized debate to the current discussion of nanotechnology, finding that the latter is still conducted in the parameters set by the initial utopian and dystopian extremes. Yet the discussion now focuses on defining the technology and identifying the social and ethical issues, which are often reduced to the potential risks of toxicity and the need for public engagement. The authors argue that nanotechnology is erroneously treated as homogeneous and is under-analysed; it is the very diversity and transdisciplinary nature of nanotechnology that makes it distinctive and interesting to social science enquiry. In this way, it may yet be prototypical of Gibbons et al. 's 'Mode 2' science. The focus of social science research should be less on the implications of nanotechnology, and more on its creation, the processes through which it develops and the alternative perspectives underlying this. The authors conclude by outlining core elements of a social science agenda for nanotechnology.     

China/USA nanotechnology research output comparison—2011 update

This Research Note updates our 2006 and 2009 China/USA nanotechnology and nanoscience (NN) research output comparisons.A 2009 comparison of China/USA research publication outputs showed that China is about to overtake the USA in NN research output. As predicted by the extrapolated 2009 curve, China has passed USA in NN research publication output. This transition occurred in the 2008/2009 time frame, and if the 2011 results (taken at mid-2011) hold for the full year, will become quite pronounced (~ 20%).When specific sub-disciplines are examined, the differences between China and USA become more pronounced. For example, the 2009 paper presented the time trend for China/USA publications in nanocomposites, an important sub-discipline of NN. The updated nanocomposites curve has increased about twice the rate of the overall NN curve, and shows no sign of abating.The USA papers lead in the numbers of citations by all metrics considered, but the Chinese papers are showing significant improvement with time. Overall, the Chinese papers are cited very modestly, but there is a core of 'heavy hitters' that appears to be increasing substantially with time, and is increasingly making its presence known in the higher Impact Factor journals.     

趣味相投能带来创新吗？领导幽默一致性对团队创新的影响

领导幽默作为一种新兴的领导行为方式，其对创新的促进作用已经得到相关文献证实。然而，以往研究大都关注下属对领导者幽默的评价，而忽视了领导者对自身幽默的评价。基于互动仪式链理论和资源保存理论，分析领导自评领导幽默与团队他评领导幽默的一致性对团队创新的影响及其作用机制。应用多项式回归与响应面分析技术，对174个团队的领导和团队成员配对样本数据进行分析。研究发现：相比“低自评—低他评”的情形,在“高自评—高他评”情形下,团队创新水平更高；相比“高自评—低他评”的情形，在“低自评—高他评”情形下，团队创新水平更高；领导幽默一致性能够通过团队凝聚力影响团队创新。最后，结合研究结论对领导如何恰当地表达幽默以促进团队创新提出对策建议。     

BARRIERS TO THE DIFFUSION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

This paper provides the first empirical information about barriers related to the diffusion of nanotechnology, a general purpose technology. Our analysis is based on the findings from a state-wide survey of companies in North Carolina, USA. We find that the primary barrier is lack of access to early-stage capital, and the extent of this barrier is greater when the company contributes to the value chain for nanotechnology through R&D as opposed to through products or services. Another barrier is lack of access to university equipment and facilities, a problem greater in companies involved in nanotechnology research. From a policy perspective, our analysis suggests that state governments could act as venture capitalists to overcome market failure in the capital market, and that states could provide incentives to universities through public/private centers of excellence for sharing capital equipment and facilities with nanotechnology companies.     

追随者视角下的领导过程研究

在关于领导的相关研究中,领导者一直处于研究的主导地位,自Meindl和他的同事正式提出追随者为中心的研究视角以来,追随者在领导研究中的地位逐渐突显出来。分析了追随者视角下领导研究的发展历程,辨析了追随者的概念界定,归纳出已有研究中的两大研究取向。最后,提出了追随者视角下领导研究的框架,探讨了该项研究深化的方向,提出了中国本土领导研究的需求。     

Integrating nanotechnology into agri-food systems research in India: A conceptual framework

The implications of current trends in nanotechnology for the agri-food sector in India are assessed. Using published literature and patents data, a model to organize the information is developed through a specially designed database. The database allows mapping research themes in nanotechnology to specific sectors in the agricultural value chain to enable a rational assessment of the potential applications of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector, identifying and prioritizing research needs across the agricultural value chain, and assessing the environmental and societal implications of this emerging technology.     

欧盟纳米技术的研发现状及趋势分析

欧盟是现代工业制造业的发源地,长期保持着世界工业的领先水平。欧委会根据全球高新技术发展态势和欧盟的发展需求及相对竞争优势,确定了欧盟工业可持续发展的六大关键势能技术(KETs)领域。纳米技术作为其六大关键势能技术之一,欧盟已为之制定了具体的优惠政策和行动举措给予重点扶持,以提升欧盟先进制造业的世界竞争力,促进经济增长和扩大就业。通过研究分析欧盟纳米技术工业的发展现状、研发创新、面临的挑战和未来发展趋势,旨在为我国战略性新兴技术产业的可持续发展,提供有益的线索和经验借鉴。     

网络社群系统识别、结构特征及位置关系研究——以电子信息材料联合专利网络为例

从我国电子信息材料行业联合专利网络抱团现象出发，以中国国家知识产权局（SIPO）专利数据库为数据来源，通过G-N算法的模块度指标，动态识别该行业联合专利网络社群结构特征，并从整体层次分析社群的位置关系。结果表明，我国电子信息材料行业存在明显的社群结构；创新网络中的社群结构具有内部连接紧密、外部连接稀疏的特征，在一定时间范围内呈现社群规模和数量保持相对稳定的系统特征；社群在创新网络中扮演着领导人及经纪人角色。通过对联合专利网络社群的剖析，有助于了解企业合作研发行为，同时为网络社群治理和网络权力配置研究提供新视角。     

网络社群系统识别、结构特征及位置关系研究——以电子信息材料联合专利网络为例

从我国电子信息材料行业联合专利网络抱团现象出发,以中国国家知识产权局(SIPO)专利数据库为数据来源,通过G-N算法的模块度指标,动态识别该行业联合专利网络社群结构特征,并从整体层次分析社群的位置关系。结果表明,我国电子信息材料行业存在明显的社群结构;创新网络中的社群结构具有内部连接紧密、外部连接稀疏的特征,在一定时间范围内呈现社群规模和数量保持相对稳定的系统特征;社群在创新网络中扮演着领导人及经纪人角色。通过对联合专利网络社群的剖析,有助于了解企业合作研发行为,同时为网络社群治理和网络权力配置研究提供新视角。     

Does the technology background of the Party Committee Secretary affect firm’s innovation efficiency? Evidence from listed state-owned enterprises in China

ABSTRACT

With the increasing emphasis of the government on the importance of Party organisations in China’s state-owned enterprises (SOEs), we need to pay more attention to its role in the operation of enterprises. As the research on board of directors emphasises the central position of the chairman, this paper focuses on the top leader of the Party organisation, namely the Party Committee Secretary. Based on upper echelon theory, this paper proposes the relationship between the technology background of a Party Committee Secretary and firm’s innovation efficiency, and how this relationship is moderated by position duality and environment dynamism. Using the data of China’s listed SOEs which issue A-shares in Shenzhen and Shanghai stock exchanges from 2014 to 2016 and operate in the manufacturing industry, the main effect and moderating effects are tested. We find that the existence of a Party Committee Secretary with technology background positively affects the SOE’s innovation efficiency. In addition, this relationship is strengthened by environment dynamism. Our conclusions not only enrich literature about upper echelon theory and determinants of firm’s innovation, but also are helpful for improving corporate governance in developing countries.     

自恋型管理者特质对企业战略和绩效的影响浅探

本文探讨了企业战略领导者的自恋特质,从概念的起源及演进开始,通过与相关概念的对比理清这一早期心理学和临床研究中独特的性格特征,并探讨其在组织领域研究的新拓展,考察战略领导者自恋特质对企业战略选择和绩效的影响,从三个层面系统加以阐释,即自恋特质影响领导者战略选择的内在机理、具体选择行为的剖析及战略选择的绩效表现。在此基础上进一步提炼该领域内可能的研究框架,并规划未来研究的方向,以期对相关研究予以启示。     

Pathways from discovery to commercialisation: using web sources to track small and medium-sized enterprise strategies in emerging nanotechnologies

This paper presents results from a pilot study of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) based on a web-scraping and content analysis of current and archived nanotechnology enterprise websites. We use this approach to explore nanotechnology SMEs transitions from discovery to commercialisation and understand how transitions vary by SME characteristics, technology and market sectors. Our findings suggest that although the idealised linear innovation model is present, important instances of divergence exist. Cluster analysis uncovered sectoral differences but even more distinctions based on the age, funding source, and research intensity.