Diffusion of innovations in globally stable Walrasian equilibrium

When all products in the economy are weak gross substitutes, preferences are homothetic, and firms face menu costs then all prices in an industry move together at the same rate. In the closed-loop Nash noncooperative equilibrium, all firms invest in productivity and reduce real prices. As a result, in the case of quadratic menu costs, the outputs of industries and the economy go up along S-shaped time paths characteristic of diffusion of innovations.     

Exploratory analysis of the impact of information dynamics on innovation diffusion

Understanding the dynamic nature of innovation diffusion processes, and mechanisms underlying these dynamics is crucial, since such an understanding is potentially very important in designing effective innovation support policies and developing better diffusion forecasts. The role of information diffusion in conditioning the diffusion dynamics of an innovation is the locus of this study. In order to investigate this, a simulation model that distinguishes between the real attributes of the innovation and their perceived levels by the user groups has been developed. The model makes it possible to separately trace the diffusion dynamics of innovation and the information about an innovation. Additionally, the formulation of the model enables the message broadcasted via word-of-mouth to change in nature from positive to negative, or vice versa. This generic model is used in an exploratory way, which is discussed as a novel approach for conducting a simulation-based analysis. Such an exploration covers a wide range of plausible diffusion behaviors, and aims to demonstrate the extent to which information imperfections and dynamics may influence the diffusion process. During experiments it is observed that information imperfections as well as the pace of learning processes may yield significant changes in the diffusion patterns. These changes may be in the form of altering the basic characteristics of the well-known S-shaped diffusion curve, as well as stopping the diffusion at much lower levels than full adoption. The analysis presented in the article shows that exploratory analysis is a promising way to utilize simulation models for developing general insights about dynamics processes.     

西方社会福利的三种分析框架

阐述了三种用于分析西方社会福利的架构,并结合实例进行了分析。在现代社会福利发展日趋复杂的情况下,可灵活使用此三种分析框架,有助于较深入了解各国社会福利的本质,使得各类福利服务之间的区别更加明晰。     

Finding partners for complex system innovations through a trans-sectoral ‘matchmaking platform’

Complex system innovations require the concurrent implementation of trans-sectoral co-innovations. The case of fuel cell vehicle development in Germany may serve as an expedient example for this necessity to develop multiple innovative components within largely disconnected ‘technology islands’. The diagonal cooperation among organisations from formerly non-cooperating industries (i.e. from within those technology islands) that so far have not shared a common knowledge base, however, is hindered by structural information deficits, making it difficult to identify the ‘right’ cooperation partners. Based on the requirements as identified in the case study, we therefore propose a ‘matchmaking platform’ that aims at fostering a trans-sectoral dialogue by providing systematically generated corporate capability profiles of organisations with promising cooperation potential. The matching is grounded on factors derived from resource- and market-based theory.     

现代经济学在美国

现代经济学的分析框架由三个重要部分组成：视角（perspective)、参照系（reference）或基准点（benchmark）和分析工具（analytical tools）。效率是经济学家分析问题的着眼点;参照第在分析框架中居于核心位置;分析工具是重要的分析问题的手段。以上对理解现代经济学很重要。数学在经济学中的作用分两个方面：一是在理论分析中的作用,它可以逼你把前提假定写清楚,使你在逻辑推导中少出错,并运用已有的定理把不相通的结论连结起来;二是数学在教学中的作用,它可以以同一标准将经济学知识传授给很多人。但是,数学的作用只能是工具。经济学的思想是最重要的。     

我国企业创新能力的解构与演进

本文提出了一个分析我国企业创新能力演进的框架，从市场和技术两个角度来解构创新能力，得到了由生产制造一产品设计一技术研发和销售执行一产品营销一产品定义组合而成的创新能力矩阵。基于该框架，分析了转轨经济条件下的我国企业创新能力的演进过程。     

中小企业战略管理:理论述评及初步分析框架

传统企业战略理论主要以大企业为研究对象,难以有效指导中小企业战略实践及其可持续成长。促进中小企业成长需要高度重视中小企业战略管理。本文基于国内外学者对中小企业战略管理所做的研究,分别从中小企业战略计划、战略选择、战略执行、战略变革、企业家和中小企业战略等方面对中小企业战略管理理论做出述评,建立了中小企业战略管理的初步分析框架,并指出我国中小企业战略管理研究应该关注转型经济情境、企业家能力和成长型中小企业的战略实践等三方面重要问题。     

Innovation types and labour organisational practices: A comparison of foreign and domestic firms in the Reggio Emilia industrial districts

In his Theory of Economic Development, Schumpeter introduced the distinction between different innovation types. Since then, a variety of studies have addressed this topic. However, despite of the recognised significance of more de-verticalised organisational forms in shaping and directing firms' innovative performance, no attempt has been made, as far as our knowledge is concerned, to investigate whether these practices are linked to the introduction of specific innovation types. The aim of the study is to fill this gap by investigating the impact of de-verticalised forms of labour organisational practices, different modes of organising research and development activity and the nature of employees' competences on the likelihood of introducing different types of innovations, controlling for firm's size and sectoral specificities. The results obtained on a sample of 199 firms located in Reggio Emilia province in Italy confirm that innovation development is a heterogeneous activity. The empirical evidence gathered also shows that foreign and domestic firms do not differ, to some extent, in the introduction of different kinds of innovations. However, being foreign or domestic is a discriminating factor in the introduction of innovations stimulating labour organisational developments.     

MANAGING ORGANISATIONAL BEHABIOUR:The Analysis of AOL & Time Warner merger

the massive job loss in the intervening year of the newly merged company and being desperation on falling stock prize. More important, as a frequent top manager turnover and a continuing dramatic capital and shareholder value loss (Klein,2003). Finally, in December 2009, Time Warner spin-off AOL entirely (Time Warner, 2009), the mega-merge between Time Warner and AOL announced their failure. To counter this severe situation, the AOL Time Warner indeed took a lot of measures, such as shipped off its co-chief operating officer and reduced its valuable assets (Peers & Angwin, 2003). However, with the manifestation of continuing and irretrievable loss, the fortune of the merger was doomed to end. As the universal statement for the main reason of this historic catastrophe, the merger was due to synergistic failure (Arango, 2010), which mainly due to inappropriate leadership approaches and lack of value congruence. The inappropriate leadership approaches can be classified into two categories- competencies perspective of leadership and contingency perspective of leadership. The value incongruence can be understanded in terms of organisational conflicts. This report will primarily focus on the fundamental organisational contributions that how the executives of this newly merged company moving forward in a different direction and the culture conflicts within two firms result in this unprecedented stumble.     

Product diffusion and pricing with market frictions

Summary. We study pricing and product diffusion in a dynamic general equilibrium framework with product market frictions. Ongoing R&D activity leads, with an endogenously determined probability, to continual improvements in product quality. We characterize the steady-state equilibrium with endogenous product diffusion in which a number of different goods co-exist on the quality ladder. We show that the severity of the economy's market frictions is a crucial determinant of the pricing structure, the product diffusion pattern, the level of R&D investment, the rate of endogenous growth, the length of Schumpeterian product cycles and the possibility of multiple growth paths. Eliminating market frictions leads to a degenerate product ladder of precisely one step, containing only the most recent product, as in the monopolistic competition literature. Received: August 16, 1999; revised version: March 6, 2001     

The adoption of Web 2.0 services: An empirical investigation

The paper investigates the factors associated with the intensity of use of three Web 2.0 services - video sharing, social networking and social bookmarking - by looking at the users' characteristics and at the technological features. It relies upon a theoretical framework that combines the diffusion of innovation model with the technology acceptance model. However, it goes beyond them by focusing not simply on the determinants of adoption, but on the determinants of the intensity of use, and by introducing variables related to the social influence. The empirical analysis is based upon a survey of 300 users of Web 2.0 services. We find that the compatibility with users' needs and behaviours plays an important role for the intensity of usage of both video sharing and social networking services, while the ease of use positively affects the intensity of usage of social networking services, but has a negative effect on the intensity of usage of video sharing services. Extrinsic job-related motivations are important drivers of the intensive usage of social bookmarking and social networking services, while sharing contents is relevant for video sharing and social networking services. Finally, individual characteristics such as age, education and IT endowment also play an important role.     

A substitution orbit model of competitive innovations

Successful innovation and diffusion of technology can be attributed to the identification of the orbit of emerging new technologies that complement or substitute for existing technologies. This dynamism resembles the co-evolution process in an ecosystem. In an ecosystem, in order to maintain sustainable development, the complex interplay between competition and cooperation, typically observed in predator-prey systems, create a sophisticated balance. Given that an ecosystem can be used as a masterpiece system, this sophisticated balance can provide suggestive ideas for identifying an optimal orbit of competitive innovations with complement or substitution dynamism.Prompted by such a sophisticated balance in an ecosystem, this paper analyzes the optimal orbit of competitive innovations and, on the basis of an application of Lotka-Volterra equations, it reviews substitution orbits of Japan's monochrome to color TV system, fixed telephones to cellular telephones, cellular telephones to mobile Internet access service, and analog to digital TV broadcasting. On the basis of substitution orbits analyses, it attempts to extract suggestions supportive to identifying an optimal policy option in a complex orbit leading to expected orbit.Key findings include policy options that are effective in controlling parameters for Lotka-Volterra equations leading to expected orbit.     

Measuring the alignment of websites and organisational critical activities

Organisational critical activities (OCAs) are activities which must receive constant and ongoing management attention in order for that organisation to be successful in its industry. These activities may not be well supported by an organisation's website, or the website not well aligned to the organisation's OCAs. This research first develops the notion of OCAs and then reports on the development of an evaluation methodology to measure the alignment of websites with an organisation's OCAs. The methodology was tested across the university sector in New Zealand which comprises eight separate organisations. The results of the research found that measuring the alignment of OCAs elicited from key executives against an evaluation of the organisation's website is an effective way to determine what action needs to be taken to improve website support for OCAs.     

Research and development in the growth process

This paper introduces into Schumpeterian growth theory an important element of heterogeneity in the structure of innovative activity—namely, the distinction between research and development. We construct a simple model of growth to investigate how the (steady-state) rate of growth affects and is affected by the relative mix between research and development. Although we assume for simplicity that the total supply of innovative activity is given it turns out that, with one important exception, the growth rate responds to most parameter changes in the same way as in previous models where growth was determined by the total amount of innovative activity. In particular, the level of research tends to covary positively with the rate of growth, even in the extreme case where the general knowledge that underlies long-run growth is created only by secondary innovations arising from the development process. The exception concerns the effects of competition on growth. Although simpler Schumpeterian growth models implied that increased competition would reduce growth by reducing the incentive to innovate, introducing the distinction between research and development implies that this effect is likely to be reversed.     

产业集群合作创新优势的演变机制研究

产业集群内的合作创新是在一定制度框架下构成的组织模式中进行的,其开展过程涉及到复杂的知识网络和社会关系网络。集群企业合作创新突破了传统的线性创新模式,通过对集群组织模式的演变研究发现,产业集群的创新优势在很大程度上取决于其内部的专业化分工程度和所处的发展阶段。基于集群的区域技术创新体系建设就是要为企业和产业集群的成长创造适宜的技术、制度环境和创新资源要素的社会网络,促进区域产业集群创新机制的形成。     

马克思是制度经济学家吗

马克思的制度分析既不同于早期的制度经济学家，也不同于后来的新制度经济学家。基于历史唯物主义的制度分析可以成为一般制度分析范式的基础。马克思主义的制度分析框架可以用来解释人类社会制度变迁的规律及其基本趋势，这是一种长期的、历史的、动态的制度变迁观。     

Research on the Diffusion Model of Innovation

In this paper, the model of competing technologies diffusion was set up in order to analyze the relationship of competing technologies in diffusion process, and the stability of diffusion model with two kinds of competing technologies was analyzed. It is concluded that dominator can hold competing vantage by suppressing its opponent, and besides, whether competing technology can gain superiority in diffusion process depends on the success rates of technology diffusion when the two kinds of technology match each other in strength.