Small-Firm Strategic Research Partnerships: The Case of Biotechnology

This paper provides an overview of the theoretical motivation and the empirical literature on small firm strategic alliances in biotechnology, an industry where these alliances have proliferated. We begin by examining the alliance strategy for knowledge-based small firms in general and then turn our attention to the case of biotech.     

Managing Strategic Alliances in China （2） ——- Analysis and Successful Factors

A creating effective strategic alliance is a useful method for the global expansion of intemational companies and managing strategic alliances is an important research project to the success of strategic alliances. This paper focuses on the practical problems of strategic alliances in China and explores how to manage such alliances. This research aims to introduce the basic background of strategic alliances, analyze the primary reason for the current situation of strategic alliances, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of strategic alliances, then give the successful factors managing strategic alliances and discuss what should be done in future research about strategic alliances.     

Vertical alliance portfolios and the business performance of small technology-based firms

This paper discusses how small technology-based firms (STBFs) effectively manage vertical alliances by choosing proper alliance structures to both manage challenges and pursue higher performance. We consider the main challenges of STBFs’ vertical alliances as opportunistic risk and coordination concern between partners, and derive four types of vertical alliance portfolios with different extents of risk and return based on the relational perspective. We then examine the impact of each portfolio on performance and the moderating effect of STBFs’ age and technological capability. The results show the portfolio focusing on bilateral alliances is not helpful for STBFs, while the others are useful. The portfolio focusing on unilateral alliances promises young firms better performance, while hybrid portfolios of unilateral and bilateral alliances are more helpful for older STBFs. In hybrid portfolios, bilateral alliance in the upstream is beneficial to specific technology-focused firms, while bilateral alliance in the downstream is recommended to STBFs whose technology covers a wider range.     

基于综合集成方法的产业技术创新战略联盟风险识别研究

首先探讨了产业技术创新战略联盟风险及其识别的复杂性;在此基础上,将综合集成方法引入到联盟风险识别问题的研究中,提出了联盟风险的综合集成识别框架;最后,运用此框架,结合调查数据,对国内联盟风险现状进行了实证分析,构建了国内联盟风险指标体系。     

企业与环境非政府组织联盟的风险及其防范初探

近年来,企业与环境非政府组织建立的绿色联盟大量涌现,已有研究大多对企业与非政府组织协同创造竞争优势的机理进行了深入探讨,但是对绿色联盟所蕴含的风险及其防范对策研究不足.由于企业与非政府组织在组织属性上存在根本差异,绿色联盟也给企业带来了很多潜在风险.本文分析了绿色联盟的风险,并提出相应的风险防范措施.     

Effect of new product alliances on building cross-functional capability: cross-fertilisation or cannibalisation?

ABSTRACT

The extant literature has focused mainly on how establishing alliances helps firms develop their capabilities within focal functional areas, while paying limited attention to the cross-functional effects of alliances. Drawing on the knowledge-spillover literature and resource-dependence theory, this study investigates the effects of new product development (NPD) alliances on building cross-functional capabilities, testing the influences of important organisational, strategic, and environmental contingencies. Based on survey data collected from 212 Chinese firms, the findings reveal that, for resource-abundant firms, R&D-focused NPD alliances have cross-functional fertilisation effects on marketing capabilities; whereas for resource-constrained or highly innovative firms such alliances cannibalise marketing capabilities; in dynamic markets, marketing-focused NPD alliances cross-fertilise technological capabilities, but such an effect is weaker in firms adopting a highly incremental innovation orientation. Overall, this study sheds new light on how NPD alliances affect cross-functional capabilities under important contingencies.     

Community Health Purchasing Alliances (CHPAs): how Florida CHPAs are affecting employers. A case study

Florida's health insurance reforms for small employers can be viewed as two distinct initiatives: insurance reform and the community health purchasing alliances (CHPAs). While small employer insurance reform legislation appears to have expanded access to coverage, the administrative structure of the CHPA still has a long way to go to capture the confidence of the marketplace.     

The degree of integration in strategic alliances in biotechnology

This paper looks at the spection of strategic alliances in biotechnoloy in the late 1980s from the point of view of whether the alliance was of a contractual type or, at the other end of the spectrum, have integrated the two companies of the alliance were. It uses an ordered probit model to test for any systemalic association between alliances within indeustrial sectors and of different size types, and the type of alhance that occurred. The paper find that more contractual, less integrated types of alliance were concentrated in the healtheare secters of thenapeutics and diagnostics and where at least one of the firms was small in size. More integrated types of alliance revailed in the agriculature and cheicals sectors and between two lage companies. It relates these results to conditions of appropriability, the impact of the new lechnologies on existing compelencies and absorptwe capacity within the different industrial sectors at that time. It compares the situation of the late 1980s with more recnt developments in corporate strategy lowards allliance formation.     

The degree of integration in strategic alliances in biotechnology

This paper looks at the spection of strategic alliances in biotechnoloy in the late 1980s from the point of view of whether the alliance was of a contractual type or, at the other end of the spectrum, have integrated the two companies of the alliance were. It uses an ordered probit model to test for any systemalic association between alliances within indeustrial sectors and of different size types, and the type of alhance that occurred. The paper find that more contractual, less integrated types of alliance were concentrated in the healtheare secters of thenapeutics and diagnostics and where at least one of the firms was small in size. More integrated types of alliance revailed in the agriculature and cheicals sectors and between two lage companies. It relates these results to conditions of appropriability, the impact of the new lechnologies on existing compelencies and absorptwe capacity within the different industrial sectors at that time. It compares the situation of the late 1980s with more recnt developments in corporate strategy lowards allliance formation.     

University research alliances,absorptive capacity,and the contribution of startups to employment growth

This paper examines how university research alliances and other cooperative links with universities contribute to startup employment growth. We argue that ‘scientific absorptive capacity’ at the startup is critical for reaping the benefits from university research alliances, but not necessarily for other university connections. We also estimate the aggregate employment contribution from startup firms and attribute those employment gains to university research alliances and other university connections. We find significant contributions to employment growth from university research alliances and other university connections, but scientific absorptive capacity is critical for university research alliances. Only 7% of the startup population maintained a university research alliance, but among these firms, 3.4% of their total jobs created were attributable to their alliances. These results suggest that university connections are quite important for job growth and university research alliances contributed substantially to job creation for those firms that had such alliances.     

Learning in strategic technology alliances

In this paper we examine the influence of strategic technology alliances on organisational learning. From an empirical perspective we examine the pre- and post-alliance knowledge bases of allying firms. We find that the pre-alliance knowledge base overlap of the allying firms has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the degree of learning taking place in the alliance. Alliances established for the purpose of learning also show a significantly greater increase in knowledge base overlap for the allying firms than for non-learning alliance or non-allying firms. This shows the particular importance of learning alliances as a vehicle for organisational learning and competence development. Contrary to what we expected we found that weak ties are more important than strong ties in organisational learning within strategic alliances.     

Cross-border mergers and strategic alliances

This paper develops a model with distribution costs to study firm cooperation in forming strategic alliances and mergers, under different types of foreign market entry modes, that is, export or foreign direct investment (FDI). Under both export and FDI, we find that cross-border alliances (mergers) dominate domestic alliances (mergers); and cross-border alliances and mergers are preferred to independence if and only if distribution cost is high. Under export, cross-border alliances are chosen in equilibrium if distribution cost is high. Under FDI and with high distribution cost, cross-border alliances (mergers) are chosen in equilibrium if plant setup cost is low (high).     

Learning in strategic technology alliances

In this paper we examine the influence of strategic technology alliances on organisational learning. From an empirical perspective we examine the pre- and post-alliance knowledge bases of allying firms. We find that the pre-alliance knowledge base overlap of the allying firms has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the degree of learning taking place in the alliance. Alliances established for the purpose of learning also show a significantly greater increase in knowledge base overlap for the allying firms than for non-learning alliance or non-allying firms. This shows the particular importance of learning alliances as a vehicle for organisational learning and competence development. Contrary to what we expected we found that weak ties are more important than strong ties in organisational learning within strategic alliances.     

基于Yang-Wills模型的战略联盟治理研究

在一个基于Yang-Wills理论的串并联耦合结构战略联盟治理模型中,联盟稳定性可以通过改善和加强当前联盟关系(与串联关系对应)、拓展潜在联盟关系(与并联关系对应)以及此两种模式的组合运用来实现,但均以增加资源投入为代价,并存在串并联治理模式之间资源投入的权衡选择,战略联盟的稳定性就是联盟内生交易费用与外生资源投入以及不同资源投入成本之间折衷选择的内生结果。     

知识联盟阶段性演化的四维透视

作为战略联盟的高级形态,知识联盟将随着经济业态和企业发展目标的变化而不断演进。在对国内外文献进行系统梳理的基础上,从企业联盟能力变迁、联盟生命延续周期、知识投入产出变迁以及企业间信任水平变迁4个维度,透视了知识联盟演进的阶段特征,试图找出该领域进一步研究的方向。     

US domestic airline alliances: does the national welfare impact turn on strategic international gains?

The six largest U.S. airlines announced in the beginning of 1998 the formation of three domestic alliances, but the size and scope of these alliances spurred significant public interest concerns. GAO analysis suggests a rough equivalence between the domestic costs and benefits of alliances, yet the international competitive effects have not been considered. I argue that the national welfare merits of domestic airline alliances turn on positive international competitive effects. Empirical tests - run on comprehensive panel data covering the international airline markets among 21 nations over the 1983–1992 period - support domestic market concentration resulting in strategic international gains; hence, domestic airline alliances likely improve national welfare.     

组态视角下考虑伙伴重复性的联盟组合创新绩效提升路径研究

创新绩效是衡量联盟组合效果的重要指标,也是企业组建联盟的首选目标之一。基于2014—2020年我国15家医药制造企业数据,运用模糊集定性比较分析法和二维复合变量对联盟组合规模进行测度,从组态视角分析联盟数量、伙伴重复性、联盟组合管理能力对联盟组合创新绩效的作用机理,获取多条高创新绩效提升路径。结果发现,实现高创新绩效有两条路径,分别为中等联盟数量和中等伙伴重复性组态路径、中等联盟数量和高联盟组合管理能力组态路径。因此,企业在构建联盟组合过程中应根据适度原则,控制联盟数量和伙伴重复性;同时,从前瞻规划、组合构建、关系优化和组合协调4个方面提高联盟组合管理能力,这为企业联盟组合管理实践提供了重要启示。     

政府干预下的创新联盟协同行为演化博弈分析——基于联盟分类视角

创新联盟是整合互补性资源,开展协同攻关的重要平台。政府为促进联盟持续健康发展,关键在于把握好各项激励举措对联盟成员协同行为的潜在影响。鉴于此,本文基于国家农业科技创新联盟分类建设与管理实践,构建起了三个包含学研方、上游企业与下游企业的三方演化博弈模型,考虑了政府事前补助、事后成本补贴与事后奖励等潜在干预措施对产业性、专业性与区域性联盟内部协同生态的异质性影响,并对政府干预的激励效果进行仿真模拟。结果表明：中央政府采取额外的经费支持举措是必要的。其中,面向所有积极协同方的事后成本补贴是促进各联盟成员积极协同的关键举措;专业性联盟对此需求尤甚,产业性联盟次之,区域性联盟的需求最弱。此外,针对主导方较高强度的事前补助同样可激励产业性联盟各成员采取积极协同的行为策略。     

竞争性研发联盟合作效应影响因素分析

以竞争性战略联盟中的研发联盟为研究对象,刻画了竞争性研发联盟的合作效应,并分析了对合作效应产生影响的因素,采用结构方程模型建立合作效应与其影响因素之间的关系,并给出结论。     

Personal strategic alliances: enhancing the scientific and technological contributions of university faculty in Malaysia

Scientific and technological human capital is a critical element for the economic and social advancement of countries in the developing world. Using Malaysia as an example, this paper examines the relationship between the research productivity of university faculty and human capital development with a specific focus on personal strategic alliances. The results show that educational attainment, location at a designated research university, and consulting experience positively influence faculty publication productivity. Furthermore, alliances established through consulting, applied research, and entrepreneurial experiences are critical for the development of new technologies stemming from university research. Malaysia's experience may hold lessons for developing countries: the full development potential of human capital investments may only be realized by simultaneously strengthening and supporting personal strategic alliances with communities outside academia.