决策与民意:城市规划变更中的公众参与

随着我国城市化进程的推进,城市规划作为城市建设和城市管理的龙头,其重要性日益凸显。目前,城市规划变更是我国城市规划面临的突出问题,如何对其进行规范,使城市规划变更的程序更为完善,从而最大限度地保障利害关系人的利益,是当下亟待解决的问题。文章在分析我国目前城市规划变更所面临的诸多问题的基础上,探讨了通过程序对规划变更进行规制的必要性和可能性,并对公众参与制度设计进行了探讨,以期对我国的城市规划的实践有所裨益。     

Democratic Accountability,Regulation and Inward Investment Policy

We examine the effect of domestic political accountability on leaders' strategies for attracting foreign direct investment to less developed countries. We consider two policy areas: the tax burden imposed on firms and the regulatory environment in which they operate. We find that democratic governments are more likely to offer relatively lower tax rates to foreign investors, whereas autocratic governments are more likely to offer relatively lax regulation. This result is driven by the greater elasticity of the political survival function to environmental and labor regulations in more democratic countries. Analyses of firm‐level survey data confirm our main theoretical conclusions.     

城市形态与可持续发展——以欧美国家棕色土地规划设计为例

21世纪城市规划设计的原则是如何规划和设计更为可持续发展的城市,城市形态与可持续之间的关系是当前国际环境研究领域热点议题之一。与此同时,棕色土地的可持续发展正受到欧美国家的大力扶持,棕色土地的规划设计再利用直接影响到城市形态,关系着城市集聚地产生、成长、形式、结构、功能和发展。对欧美国家棕色土地规划背景与发展进行研究,并以英国诺丁汉城市棕色土地更新与整治为例,试图从中找到适合我国棕色土地再利用的原则与方法,特别是地区工业用地再利用的可持续发展。     

Sustainable Forestry: Timber Bequests, Future Generations and Optimal Tax Policy

This paper analyzes harvesting and timber bequest behavior in a two-period overlapping generations model where the government uses site productivity, yield and inheritance taxation. The ceteris paribus effects of forest and inheritance taxes are derived first, then the paper discusses the optimal design of forest and inheritance taxes by assuming that intergenerational externalities are either absent or operative. In the absence of intergenerational externalities, it is optimal to use only the site productivity tax, and not to introduce yield and inheritance taxes at all. In the presence of intergenerational externalities the situation changes. The paper demonstrates that the externality can be internalized by introducing either a yield tax or an inheritance subsidy, or both. If the government is able to use both at the same time, it is desirable to use the yield tax to 'punish' excessive harvesting and an inheritance subsidy to 'bribe' to give bequests.     

中国可持续增长的机制:证据、理论和政策

本报告在企业生产函数中引入政府支持系数,该系数是通过一个政府福利模型而得。在突破贫困陷阱阶段,政府与企业目标高度一致,政府集中一切资源支持企业发展,政府支持系数大,企业享受了低税、低资源价格等有利因素;在进入中等收入阶段,随着城市化快速提高,政府转向福利支出目标,福利刚性不断加大,政企目标冲突,政府支持系数下降甚至出现惩罚,政企在新的发展阶段都面临转型,转型失败可能会落入"中等收入陷阱"。确定中国未来的新增长机制,政府转型是关键,限制政府利益刚性,明确政府福利支出与企业发展能力相匹配,而不是靠债务融资推动福利和增长,更多地让市场发挥激励创新和优化配置资源的功能,以促进经济的可持续增长。     

论促进经济可持续发展的税收政策

本文根据可持续发展的核心思想，对如何利用税收政策促进可持续发展提出了几个方面的对策性建议：一是利用税收政策消除二元经济现象；二是利用税收政策促进收入的公平分配；三是税收政策应有助于合理、节约、有效地利用资源，保护生态环境；四是利用税收政策促进科教兴国战略的实施。     

Planning and Urban Growth: An Anglo-American Comparison

Understanding the complexity of institutional change is a necessary step in gaining deeper knowledge of economic performance over time, and it is one of the main challenges in the research agenda of institutionalism. Institutional change can be studied using a variety of theoretical approaches. We study some of the main approaches to institutional change in original economic institutionalism and new institutional economics. First, after comparing the approaches of Émile Durkheim and Thorstein Veblen, we focus on the contributions of the instrumental value theory and other original institutional traditions in the study of institutional change. Second, new institutional economics improved on the weak points of rational choice institutionalism regarding institutional change and incorporated the “institutions-as-rules” approach (Douglass North) and the “institutions-as-equilibria” approach (Avner Greif, Masahiko Aoki). We analyze both approaches to institutional change. Furthermore, we present an updated nonintegral overview of approaches to institutional change, show several interconnections between original and new institutionalisms, and conclude that the dialogue between the different theories of institutional change is relevant and beneficial.     

Urban Planning,Smart Growth,and Economic Calculation: An Austrian Critique and Extension

This paper takes a critical look at the Smart Growth movement and its reliance on traditional central planning to achieve its goals. Using statewide planning in Oregon, Florida, and Washington State as examples, the paper examines the planning focus of recent efforts to manage growth through land-use planning at the state level. It then applies the Austrian critique of economic planning to the contemporary Smart Growth movement in the United States as it is reflected in statewide planning laws. The calculation debate focused primarily on the technical question of whether bureaucratic planning could, in fact, achieve market outcomes. In the current debate over Smart Growth, planning combines political and bureaucratic decisionmaking. The political context in which planning decisions are made fundamentally alters the decision making process, shifting the emphasis to articulate knowledge as the foundation for policymaking. To be relevant in the current debate over planning, the calculation debate needs to be extended to include a political dimension to its critique of planning.     

Broadband Policy: Industry Planning and the Public Interest

Public interest regulation protects society by constraining private economic power, and it promotes the construction of essential infrastructure facilities. The Federal Communications Commission’s (FCC) broadband plan supports the deployment of broadband service and the maintenance of an open Internet. The paper uses Harry M. Trebing’s public interest paradigm to evaluate the FCC’s broadband plan.     

Environmentally Sustainable Transport: Definition and Long-Term Economic Impacts for Austria

The transition to an environmentally sustainable transport system involves a combination of technological and demand-side transport policies. Regulatory, educational and economic instruments can be used to enhance the development of cleaner transport technologies as well as the shift from road-based towards more environmentally benign modes of transport. This article provides estimates of overall economic impacts in the long term and describes the required change in the transport system. The article proceeds in three steps. First, this article reviews concepts of sustainability and applies them to transportation. Second, a small open economy computable general equilibrium model for Austria is developed to evaluate the long-term macroeconomic and sectoral impacts of a sustainable freight transport policy. Third, simulation results are discussed and conclusions drawn concerning the crucial features of a sustainable freight transport policy.Although the required transition within the transport system is substantial, the economic costs in terms of GDP are comparably low and employment is likely to increase slightly.     

循环经济与可持续土地利用规划

循环经济作为一种新的经济形态,其实质是生态经济;土地利用规划是对未来土地利用的一种计划和安排;循环经济是可持续土地利用规划的必然选择,它与土地利用规划的目标是相一致的。在土地利用规划的编制和实施过程中,遵循循环经济原则是实现可持续土地利用的基本要求。     

县域可持续发展与科学规划

通过大量的实践总结县（市）域人地系统规划调控五种基本模式,指出实现区域经济、社会、资源、环境快速、有序、协调、持续发展,必须应用可持续发展战略理念,通过科学规划,明确发展方向、目标、特色和重点,因县制宜制订相应的发展模式、方案、机制和策略对策,强调地理科学要重视县（市）微观区域发展研究与规划。     

Environmental Ramsey Policy and Sustainable Balanced Growth

We study the link among economic growth, renewable natural resources and environmental policy. The context is a general equilibrium model of endogenous growth and environmental policy. We examine the conditions under which sustainable growth is both feasible and optimal, where the latter takes the form of second‐best optimal environmental Ramsey policies. We also investigate the conditions for an inverted U‐shaped relation between environmental policies and sustainable growth. We show that the combination of environmental production externalities and second‐best optimal Ramsey policies can lead to both local and global indeterminacy. The introduction of environmental policy, although well‐intentioned and designed to correct for market inefficiencies, triggers an expectations coordination problem; thereby differences in environmental quality and economic growth can be explained among countries with the same fundamentals.     

税收调控与经济可持续发展研究

税收不仅是筹集财政收入的重要手段,而且还是宏观经济调控的重要工具。税收工具在协调经济发展与保护资源环境之间矛盾时具有其他经济政策不可比拟的优越性。本文从介绍税收在调控经济持续发展战略中的优越性入手,从资源的开发利用、环境保护和促进技术进步等方面分析我国现行税收制度在调控经济持续发展过程中存在的不足,并提出了深化税收制度改革的相关建议。     

Making Economic Policy in a Democratic Indonesia: The First Two Decades

After three decades of rapid economic growth during the authoritarian Soeharto era, followed by the deep but relatively short‐lived Asian financial crisis, Indonesia transitioned rapidly to democratic and decentralized governance. We examine policy‐making processes and economic outcomes during the first two decades of this new era, leading up to the 2019 national elections where it was widely conjectured that Indonesia might follow the global trends of authoritarian rule and illiberalism. We conclude that, thus far, Indonesia has navigated the transition from authoritarian to democratic rule quite successfully. Compared to the Soeharto era, growth has been somewhat slower, inequality has risen, and policy reform is slower and generally incremental. But living standards continue to rise and all major political players have elected to operate within the new democratic parameters. Macroeconomic management has continued to be effective. Nevertheless, there are no grounds for complacency: there is a large outstanding reform agenda, and the economy is not providing enough economic opportunities for the better‐educated senior secondary and tertiary graduates entering the workforce.     

Strategic Trade and Industrial Policy Towards Dynamic Oligopolies

We characterise optimal trade and industrial policy in dynamic oligopolistic markets. If governments can commit to future policies, optimal first-period intervention should diverge from the profit-shifting benchmark to an extent which exactly offsets the strategic behaviour implied by Fudenberg and Tirole's 'animal spirits' taxonomy of business strategies. Without government commitment, there is an additional basis for intervention, whose sign depends on the strategic substitutability between future policy and current actions. We consider a variety of applications (to R&D spillovers, consumer switching costs, etc.) and also extensions to constrained second-best policies.     

网络治理:生态城市管理的路径选择

相对于传统的城市管理,网络治理强调政府、企业、非政府部门和公众的协作实现经济与环境的平衡发展。通过对网络治理的涵义、治理模型、特征以及网络治理的动力来源的阐述以及哈立法克斯生态城的案例分析,说明突破城市管理路径依赖的关键在于实现城市网络治理,最后提出网络治理应用于我国生态城市管理的三大条件。     

Towards Sustainable Consumption: Economics and Ethical Concerns for the Environment in Consumer Choices

The article examines individual action informed by ethical concerns for the environment as a strategy for moving toward more sustainable consumption. The article first employs a model of rational choice to analyze independent consumer choices among the usually assumed self- and welfare-centered consumers and then expands the model to analyze the implications of other than self- and welfare-centered motivations for consumer choice. The article next analyzes interdependent consumer choices informed by self- and welfare-centered values with the help of a simple game-theoretic model and then moves on to examine the implications of nonutilitarian environmental concerns for interdependent consumer choice in the same game-theoretic framework. The article concludes that although a strategy based on individual action may have limited promise when environmental concerns are widely shared, the case for collective action remains strong because of both efficiency and equity reasons.