Cable Service and Its Implicit Marginal Valuation

The objective is to estimate the implicit marginal value of channel offerings by cable systems in the USA. Hedonic analysis is a convenient framework in which to explore the relationship between the price of cable service and the channels offered by a cable system. Two separate hedonic equations are estimated-- one for the price of analog cable service and one for the price of digital cable service. With regard to the price of analog cable service, the implicit marginal valuation is statistically significant and positive for just 15 of 106 channel offerings and negative for seven channels. For the price of digital cable service, the implicit marginal valuation is statistically significant and positive for just eleven of 105 channel offerings and negative for five channels. The results suggest that a subscriber's utility would be enhanced by a pricing structure different from the typical approach used by cable systems today of offering a bundled package consisting of several channels. One alternative is to allow consumers to subscribe to just those programming services for which they have a positive implicit marginal value (i.e. an a la carte pricing structure).     

Marginal Valuation of Charismatic Species: Implications for Conservation

Most contingent valuation studies focus on total willingness to pay (WTP) as a measure of welfare change. For policy involving species preservation, however, it is important to distinguish between the benefits of preventing a species from going extinct and the benefits of preserving numbers above the minimum viable population (MVP) level. Once MVP is exceeded, marginal WTP becomes relevant. These propositions are illustrated for the case of one charismatic species whose management is much debated, minke whales in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. It is shown that, for a given estimate of total preservation value, strict conservation and extinction can both be optimal. This finding highlights the importance of collecting marginal values in contingent valuation surveys.     

Implicit Valuation of Non-Market Benefits in Even-Aged Forest Management

Choosing the optimal harvesting time in multiple-use, even-aged forest management is an important but difficult problem. The usual formulation of the problem requires explicit knowledge of the value of the timber, plus the value of the other, non-timber and mainly non-market values. The latter are notoriously difficult to measure. This paper develops a harvesting rule that depends only implicitly on the flow of non-market values. The rule, dubbed the implicit value formula, gives the minimum stream of non-market values that would induce a landowner to adopt a given rotation length. Since harvesting decisions must be made with or without information on non-market values, the implicit value formula can provide guidance to forest managers by putting a lower bound on the non-market values for every rotation length. As a demonstration, implicit non-market values are calculated for Douglas fir. The implicit value formula indicates that preserving a forest of Douglas fir beyond the optimal rotation is much more expensive than harvesting it an equivalent length of time before the optimal rotation.     

The Cost of Life Expectancy and the Implicit Social Valuation of Life

A new method of estimating the economic value of life is proposed. Using cross-country data, an equation is estimated to explain life expectancy as a function of real consumption of goods and services. The associated cost function for life expectancy in terms of the prices of specific goods and services is used to estimate the cost of a reduction in age-specific mortality rates sufficient to save the life of one person. The cost of saving a life in OECD countries is as much as 1000 times that in the poorest countries. Ethical implications are discussed.     

隐性合约理论及其新发展

本首先阐述了早期隐性合约理论的基本思想,然后进一步分析了隐性合约理论在近期的发展和完善情况,最后在上述分析的基础上评价了隐性合约理论的创新及局限性。     

The Social Marginal Valuation of Income: Australian Estimates from Government Behaviour*

Alternative public policies frequently incorporate distributional goals. The elasticity of the social marginal valuation of income, ε, can help to derive welfare weights for different individuals in different income groups. Estimates are presented of the elasticity of the social marginal valuation of income implied by the Australian personal income tax, in the period 1968–69 to 1975–76. Both equal absolute (EAS) and equal proportional sacrifice (EPS) models are used to infer the elasticity values. Using taxable income as a proxy for income, the consistent value of ε under EAS was found to range from 2.07 to 2.57; the EPS range was 1.76 to 2.40. A number of considerations suggested a best-guess magnitude of about 2.2. Caution is urged in the interpretation and use of these results.     

现代都市农业的生态服务功能及其价值分析——以上海为例

生态服务价值的发挥是现代都市农业的重要特征。本文以上海的都市农业为例,对农业生态系统的农产品提供功能、观光旅游功能、净化大气、涵养水分、保持土壤以及维持营养物质循环功能进行了评估。研究结果表明,21世纪以来,上海现代都市农业生态系统的服务价值不断上升,在提供了大量农产品的同时,还提供了巨大的生态服务功能,但同时间接经济价值随着耕地面积的减少而逐年降低,应引起我们的足够重视。     

企业边际管理和核心竞争力

加入WTO后我国企业面临着激烈的竞争 ,企业要想在竞争中获胜 ,必须形成核心竞争力。本文认为从能力角度进行边际管理是形成核心竞争力的有效途径。企业通过边际管理 ,从而提高企业程序化的程度 ,进而形成企业核心能力 ,使企业获得并保持长期竞争优势。     

现代都市农业的生态服务功能及其价值分析——以上海为例

生态服务价值的发挥是现代都市农业的重要特征.本文以上海的都市农业为例,对农业生态系统的农产品提供功能、观光旅游功能、净化大气、涵养水分、保持土壤以及维持营养物质循环功能进行了评估.研究结果表明,21世纪以来,上海现代都市农业生态系统的服务价值不断上升,在提供了大量农产品的同时,还提供了巨大的生态服务功能,但同时间接经济价值随着耕地面积的减少而逐年降低,应引起我们的足够重视.     

绿色物流研究的现状及其评述

在回顾整理绿色物流研究文献的基础上,将绿色物流研究成果归纳梳理为起源、发展动因、定义和研究范围等四个方面。立足现有研究成果,综合参考逆向物流和绿色供应链管理的研究现状,指出既有研究成果的不足主要表现为:专门针对绿色物流的研究成果很少,且已有成果大多以定性研究为主;与绿色物流有关的各种研究普遍存在理论根基不足的问题;已有成果的研究方法陈旧单一,绿色物流研究缺乏研究视角的创新。据此提出了未来研究应掌握的原则和方向。     

社会科学咨询服务及其产业化

为党和政府决策咨询服务,为经济社会发展咨询服务,为工商企业发展咨询服务,为个人成长发展咨询服务,是社会科学的重要功能,也是社科联的重要任务。从理论和实践两个方面探索社会科学咨询服务的产业化问题,也是社会科学和社科联工作的重要课题。一、社会科学的咨询服务所     

基于层次分析法的旅游公共服务评价研究

科学有效的旅游公共服务评价,是保证我国旅游公共服务建设顺利进行的基础性工作.本文以新公共管理理论中公民导向理念和顾客价值理论为理论依据,运用层次分析方法将旅游公共服务复杂的内涵进行逐层分析,发挥其定量分析与定性分析相结合的优势,尝试性建立了一套旅游公共服务评价指标体系,并完成对特定地区的旅游公共服务状况的评价,从评价的角度为旅游公共服务建设提供参考.     

耕地资源非市场价值及其评估方法分析

非市场价值是耕地资源无法忽略的重要组成部分,耕地资源过多向非农用途转变的根本原因在于人们对耕地资源的价值认识不足.文章在评析耕地资源价值理论的基础上,系统地分析了耕地资源的非市场价值及其构成,并讨论了耕地资源非市场价值的各种评估方法及其局限性,以促进我国耕地资源非市场价值评估理论和方法的进一步完善.     

意愿调查法在三江平原七星河湿地价值评估中的理论改进与应用

虽然目前世界各国对于生态系统服务功能价值进行评估的方法有很多,但是意愿调查法(CVM)是这些方法中唯一能够评估与环境物品有关的全部使用价值和非使用价值的方法.然而由于受到多方面因素的制约,对于意愿调查法的实际应用效果争议很大.本文以目前意愿调查法产生争议的原因为基础,分析了其理论缺陷,提出了改进的CVM评估方法,并运用该方法对黑龙江七星河湿地生态系统部分服务功能进行了评价研究,分析了评价结果差异的原因与改进效果.研究认为,七星河湿地生态系统生物多样性价值为4 088万元,空气和水环境质量的价值为4 088～8 177万元,调节干扰功能的价值为3 680～20 442万元,非使用价值为4 088～20 442万元.在此基础上,提出了建立符合我国国情的CVM评估体系的建议.     

住宅知识型产品特性及其隐性营销策略研究

当前,房地产市场已进入了一个新的发展阶段.现代住宅产品的智能化体系和新型建筑材料融入了许多新的知识,要发挥现代住宅产品知识特性的优势,必须对传统房地产营销进行创新.文章从知识型产品特性分析入手,阐述了如何发挥住宅知识型产品的优势,提出针对现代住宅产品知识特性的营销策略,以期能为从事房地产营销专业人员提供理论依据.     

海洋生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究

本文在系统分析生态系统服务功能及价值评估的研究进展基础上．探讨了海洋生态系统服务功能的内涵。根据我国海洋生态系统的特征．初步构建了海洋生态系统服务功能分类体系．研究了海洋生态系统典型服务功能的价值评价方法。最后，结合国内外研究现状．进行了海洋生态系统服务功能及价值评估研究的展望分析．提出了研究中应注意的若干问题。     

Ecosystem Service Valuation for National Accounting: A Reply to Obst,Hein and Edens (2016)

While recent experimental frameworks for national ecosystem service accounting have shown substantial progress, in our view some crucial methodological issues remain that deserve further consideration before setting final standards. In response to the landmark work of Obst et al. (Environ Resour Econ 64:1–23, 2016. doi: 10.1007/s10640-015-9921-1), we provide arguments with regard to the suitability of particular valuation approaches. Generally, we agree that respective valuation methods need to produce values that are consistent with national accounting standards such as representing exchange values. However, we disagree with their conclusions regarding specific valuation techniques. Firstly, the circumstance that methods used for estimating shadow prices can also be used to derive consumer surplus does not justify the general exclusion of all shadow pricing methods for valuation of ecosystem services for national accounts, especially for public ecosystem services. Secondly, that preference-based methods can also be used to assess welfare changes does not imply that cost-based methods are generally better suited for ecosystem accounting. To the contrary, we see an essential need for preference information in accounting contexts. Thirdly, that accounting standards use a written-down replacement cost approach, does not mean ecosystem accounting requires to employ a replacement cost approach. To the contrary, we argue that assessing ecosystem degradation through restoration costs would be in line with writing down depreciation, but we also point to its limits.     

宏观调控与公司价值

本文主要研究宏观经济政策变化是否对公司价值具有实质性影响。利用2004年宏观调控前后我国宏观经济政策的显著变化,构建“自然实验”框架．采用双重差分方法估计宏观调控对我国上市公司价值的影响程度。发现与国有公司和大公司相比,宏观调控使民营公司和小公司的价值下降幅度更大。所降低的幅度不仅具有统计意义上的显著性,而且具有经济意义上的显著性。研究表明,紧缩性的经济政策会在短期内显著降低公司价值。通过对超常收益率的稳健性检验,发现2004年的宏观调控中,民营化程度高的公司所受到的负面影响比小规模公司更大。     

Marginal Ethos and the Just Price

The century-long decline in the amount of time spent working for income has been reversed over the last twenty-five years. By one account, this reversal is primarily traceable to a rise in the power fo employers who find more work hours per employee to be in their interest. By another account, that I argue to be the more convincing, the major cause of the change is the growing sophisticated of advertising and marketing which has stimulated demand and led to voluntarydecisions to work more. Education is presented as an example of the effects that rising “marketization” has on a product's nature. Decreased hours of study and grade inflation are offered as two examples of the crowding out of production for oneself at the expense of production for sale in the market. While no attempt is made to draw clear normative conclusions regarding educational trends, the paper concludes with a normative assessment of the trend toward greater time spent in the workplace. I argue that the historically recent rise of “workaholism” suggests that for at least a portion of the workforce, market forces have created preferences to work more that are ranked lower than what they replace; that the overworked American is too often one in the grip of an unpreferred preference regarding work.     

Marginal Intraindustry Trade and Labor Adjustment

In the context of Ethier's model of the division of labor, this paper accomplishes three tasks. First, it complements existing literature on the algebraic properties of marginal intraindustry trade (MIIT) measures by embedding one of these measures in a general equilbrium model. Consistent with the existing literature, it is found that change in the Grubel–Lloyd index provides systematically different economic information from change in the MIIT index. Second, it examines the connection between intraindustry trade and intra- industry adjustment. Here it is found that the informal assumption that intraindustry trade generates only intraindustry adjustment cannot be sustained. That is, intraindustry trade will generally induce interindustry adjustment. Finally, because intraindustry trade generates interindustry adjustment, increased intraindustry trade will generally induce long-run changes in relative factor prices. This suggests, given the prominence of intraindustry trade in OECD countries, that there may be problems with inference on the link between rade and wages undertaken in a strict Heckscher–Ohlin framework.