National innovation systems and international knowledge flows: an exploratory investigation with the case of the Netherlands

Since the late 1980s, the literature on innovation systems has flourished, often tying these systems to nation-states. Technology, however, often flows across the borders of nations. In this paper, four cases are studied where foreign technology is imported and appropriated from abroad into Dutch companies. By doing so, the questions what a national system of innovation consists of and what such a system means for firms are explored. The cases studied provide a picture of international-sectoral systems, adding up to a loosely interacting innovation system at the national level.     

国际技术转移与我国技术创新

在经济全球化、一体化的背景下,跨国公司作为国际技术转移主体的作用正在不断增强,FDI的流入的确推动了我国的经济进步,但跨国公司为了维持其在某些领域的垄断地位,还会千方百计地阻挠这种技术的转移和扩散,加上我国自身的经济结构和体制的障碍及吸收学习能力的有限,技术转移的效应可能达不到理想的理论水平.因此,既要注重跨国公司的技术转移,又不能忽视我国的技术创新,这是实现经济可持续增长的根本所在.     

How do dimensions of proximity relate to the outcomes of collaboration? A survey of knowledge-intensive networks in the Dutch water sector

There is a growing body of literature on the importance of proximity for innovation and other knowledge-related outcomes. We examine the impact of geographical, social, organisational, and cognitive proximity for a heterogeneous population, including people from academia, knowledge institutes, industry, and government. We analyse data on 1020 ego–alter relationships, derived from a survey among water professionals in the Netherlands. The use of survey data allows for more refined indicators of proximity and more diverse collaboration outcomes than those common in the literature. Social and cognitive proximity have a positive effect for all outcomes examined. Geographical and organisational proximity have a negative effect on hard (tangible) outcomes yet a weak positive (if any) effect on soft (intangible) outcomes. We do not find evidence for the suggestions in the conceptual literature that proximity follows an inverted U-curve where most outcomes are achieved in relations with some but not too much proximity.     

国际产业转移平台与技术转移探析——兼论中国促进技术转移的对策

国际产业转移的过程也伴随着技术的转移。后进国家可以利用先进技术的转移引导本国产业结构的快速升级。笔者通过研究依托国际产业转移的技术转移机制,并对新一轮国际产业转移的特点以及其对中国实现技术转移的影响进行了分析,提出了应对新一轮产业的国际转移要采取完善国内投资环境、促进国际技术合作与提高中国企业的技术吸收能力和自主研发、创新能力等对策,促进我国产业结构的快速健康升级。     

On the strategic potential of technological aid in international environmental relations

Prior to noncooperative choices of abatement of a transboundary pollutant, a technologically advanced country considers making an unconditional transfer of abatement technology to its less-advanced rival. Even though technological aid is given unconditionally and abatement strategies are chosen noncooperatively, in a number of plausible circumstances, a transfer of a superior control technology will induce Pareto-superior pollution abatement.     

技术引进影响自主创新能力的实证检验

国际技术扩散是影响本地企业技术创新能力的重要途径。利用2003-2008年区域面板数据,实证检验不同类型的国际技术扩散对我国内资企业技术创新能力的影响,结果表明:竞争效应和外资研发溢出效应对我国低层次技术创新能力具有显著的正向作用,对高层次技术创新能力没有显著作用;外资企业生产本地化程度反映的模仿效应对我国内资企业高层次技术创新能力具有显著的正向作用,对低层次技术创新能力没有显著影响;购买国外技术对我国内资企业各个层次的技术创新能力具有显著的正向作用,但是对高层次技术创新能力的促进作用小于对低层次技术创新能力的促进作用。     

世界主要国家科技成果转化的新举措及其启示

为了应对科技革命和产业变革带来的挑战,引领本国经济走出金融危机的影响,世界主要国家近年来陆续出台了一系列支持科技成果转化的新举措,涉及宏观层面的创新战略和政府科技管理机构调整、中观层面的专项计划和平台建设以及微观层面的机制创新。通过对这些新举措进行系统梳理,并结合我国科技成果转化存在的问题,从围绕创新链统筹配置科技资源、创新科技中介服务机构建设模式、加强科技成果转化各环节信息化建设等3个方面,为强化我国科技成果转化提出了政策建议。     

国际贸易、技术转移与经济增长——基于中国工业产业面板数据的实证研究

基于中国工业产业面板数据,实证研究了国际贸易的技术转移及其技术外溢效应对中国技术水平提升和经济增长的影响。研究结果表明：通过国际贸易渠道来自OECD成员国的技术转移对中国工业产业的技术进步产生了积极影响;美国和日本通过国际贸易对中国工业产业技术进步的拉动作用明显高于其他发达国家。     

韩国汽车业技术能力积累与自主创新的启示

韩国的汽车产业经过三十多年的发展取得了令人瞩目的成绩，而且成为世界上仅有的几个拥有汽车自主创新能力的国家之一。韩国在发展汽车产业方面积累了丰富的经验，并给我国汽车产业的发展以重要启示。     

技术创新中资产专用性造成的转换成本问题研究

从资产专用性的角度着手,分析了专用性资产在技术创新中形成的转换成本,并且进一步分析了在单一技术范式发展进程中为保证专用性资产投资的制度安排对这种转换成本的影响,最后提出了如何有效地降低这种转换成本的方法。     

我国复杂技术产业的市场追赶态势研究:国际贸易视角

从国际贸易的视角来探讨我国复杂技术产业的市场追赶态势。研究发现:我国复杂技术产业的市场追赶绩效明显,就产品和工艺都复杂的产品而言,我国出口额占全世界出口额的比例从2000年的2.41%快速上升到2008年的10.96%,产品和工艺都复杂的产品的出口额占我国出口总额的比例从2000年的46.43%上升到2008年的72.35%;从中、美、德、日、韩五国的比较结果来看,在产品和工艺都复杂的产品的出口总额中,2000—2008年间美国和日本所占份额都在下降,德国和韩国缓慢增长,我国快速增长,从第5位上升到第2位;从国际贸易平衡来看,在产品和工艺都复杂的产品领域,2000—2008年间我国成功地从净进口国转变为净出口国,但同期日本和德国在此类产品上一直保持较高的贸易顺差,我国和日本、德国在复杂技术产业领域的贸易顺差还有较大差距。     

关键链在中国创新驿站服务管理中的应用

在分析中国创新驿站管理存在问题的基础上,论证了关键链方法对创新驿站国际技术转移服务项目进度管理的适用性,并通过案例研究深入探讨了该方法的应用。结果表明:运用关键链方法可有效改进创新驿站服务的流程编制、改进创新驿站服务时间估计、加强创新驿站服务监控。提出建议:建立缓冲区电子化跟踪机制以有效监控创新驿站的国际技术转移服务。     

实现技术转移的新路径——对韩国大德R＆D特区的评价

技术创新区域的成功技术转移,不仅可以造就众多成功的优秀企业,还可为整个国家的区域创新、险企集聚注入新机。韩国大德R&D特区的确立,是否达此目的?本文对此进行了简要评价。     

荷兰食品产业与创新概述

从食品产业来讲,荷兰是一个强国,在全球享有很高声誉,而产学研协同创新是荷兰食品产业取得成功的关键。本文对荷兰食品产业及发展方向、主要食品研发机构和企业,以及食品谷等做了简要介绍,以加深对荷兰食品产业的了解,推动中荷在食品领域的合作。     

Patent Enforcement, Innovation and Welfare

This paper analyzes how the Southern patent enforcement affects the Northern firm's choice of licensing, subsidiary production or exports for serving the Southern market, and the innovation rate in the North and ultimately the welfare in the South. We show that for imperfect patent enforcement, licensing contract leads to more innovation in the North relative to subsidiary or exports. When both subsidiary and exports are very costly options, no patent enforcement in the South is best for the South. However, when either subsidiary operation or exports can be organized cheaply, the Southern government chooses some positive degree of patent enforcement. We also establish that strengthening of patent enforcement in the South may lead to more licensing and less subsidiary operations or exports.     

技术全球化与民族—国家在科技发展中的作用

本文分析和探讨全球化和民族－国家的关系。文章强调，在全球化条件下，国家在组织创新活动上起着关键性的作用，使用创新，国际合作，生产创新，都要求民族－国家起重要作用。     

Outward foreign direct investment and domestic innovation performance: evidence from China

The existing literature has explored the existence of reverse technology spillover through outward foreign direct investment (OFDI), which means domestic firms improve their technological innovation and productivity due to overseas investment activities. This paper aims to examine how the host country affects reverse technology spillover from OFDI. The findings show domestic innovation performance (DIP) is positively related to OFDI in developed countries while it is negatively related to OFDI in transitional and emerging markets. It is also found that financial development and human capital weaken the positive relationship between OFDI in developed countries and DIP and also weaken the negative relationship between OFDI in transitional and emerging markets and DIP. These results are further confirmed through robustness checks.